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Wladyslaw Jackiewicz was a Polish artist, teacher and rector of the State School of Fine Arts in Gdańsk.
Edward Dwurnik was a Polish expressionist painter and graphic artist. Between 1963-1970 he studied painting, drawing and sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. He quickly became one of the most important figures of the Polish contemporary art scene.
Edward Dwurnik is best known for his large-scale paintings depicting everyday life, cityscapes and crowds of people. He often used bold, bright colours and strong black outlines to create his distinctive style. Many of his works depict the absurdity and contradictions of modern life in Poland and the struggles of ordinary people against political oppression and social injustice.
Throughout his career, Dwurnik's art has evolved and diversified, covering a wide range of techniques and themes. In addition to painting, he also worked in printmaking and drawing.
Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik) was a Polish and German scientist, astronomer, mathematician, mechanic, economist, and Renaissance canonist. He was the author of the heliocentric system of the world, which initiated the first scientific revolution.
Copernicus studied the humanities, including astronomy and astrology, at the University of Krakow and at the University of Bologna in Italy. Together with other astronomers, including Domenico Maria de Novara (1454-1504), he was engaged in observing the stars and planets, recording their movements and eclipses. At the time, medicine was closely related to astrology, as the stars were believed to influence the human body, and Copernicus also studied medicine at the University of Padua between 1501 and 1503.
Nicolaus Copernicus, based on his knowledge and observations, was the first to suggest that the Earth is a planet that not only revolves around the sun every year, but also rotates once a day on its axis. This was in the early 16th century when people believed the Earth to be the center of the universe. The scientist also suggested that the Earth's rotation explained the rising and setting of the Sun, the movement of the stars, and that the cycle of the seasons was caused by the Earth's rotation around itself. Finally, he correctly concluded that the Earth's motion in space causes the planets to move backwards across the night sky, the so-called retrograde direction.
Although Copernicus' model was not completely correct, it laid a solid foundation for future scientists, such as Galileo, who developed and improved mankind's understanding of the motion of celestial bodies. Copernicus completed the first manuscript of his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres) in 1532. In it, the astronomer outlined his model of the solar system and the paths of the planets. However, he published the book only in 1543, just two months before his death, and dedicated it to Pope Paul III. Perhaps for this reason, and also because the subject matter was too difficult to understand, but the church did not finally ban the book until 1616.
Johann Karl Schultz was a German painter, graphic artist, and teacher.
Schultz was educated at the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts and specialized in depicting architectural structures. He painted the interior and exterior views of cathedrals and other architectural monuments with great technical skill and care.
