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René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist who is considered the founder of modern philosophy.
Descartes was a very versatile scientist: besides numerous philosophical reflections, he wrote works on optics, meteorology and geometry. Contemporaries noted his extensive knowledge in many sciences. Descartes owns the famous saying "I think, therefore I exist" (best known in the Latin formulation "Cogito, ergo sum", although it was originally written in French: "Je pense, donc je suis").
He developed a metaphysical dualism that radically distinguished between mind, whose essence is thought, and matter, whose essence is extension in three dimensions. Descartes' metaphysics is rationalistic, based on the postulation of innate ideas of mind, matter, and God, but his physics and physiology, based on sense experience, are mechanistic and empirical.
Unlike his scientific predecessors, who felt a holy awe at the incomprehensibility of the divine essence of the universe, Descartes admired the ability of the human mind to understand the cosmos and to generate happiness itself, and rejected the view that human beings were inherently unhappy and sinful. He believed that it was inappropriate to pray to God to change the state of things and the world; it was much more productive to change oneself.
Jasper Johns, an American artist, has been a pivotal figure in the art world, celebrated for his innovative contributions to painting, sculpture, and printmaking. Johns, born in 1930, has challenged and expanded the boundaries of contemporary art with his unique approach to visual expression, blending elements of Abstract Expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop Art. He is perhaps best known for his iconic depictions of everyday objects and symbols, such as flags, maps, numbers, and targets, which he transforms into complex, layered works that invite contemplation on themes of identity, perception, and memory.
Johns' art is distinguished by its masterful use of texture, symbolism, and an exploration of the materiality of the medium. His technique of incorporating textural elements and found objects into his canvases blurs the lines between painting and sculpture, challenging traditional distinctions in art. For instance, his piece "Flag" (1954-55) reimagines the American flag with a surface rich in encaustic paint and newspaper clippings, creating a work that is both a familiar symbol and a deeply personal expression. Similarly, "Painted Bronze" (Ale Cans) (1960) playfully interrogates the nature of representation and the art object by presenting a lifelike bronze sculpture of beer cans, furthering the dialogue on art's relationship with the everyday.
Johns' work is held in high esteem and can be found in major museums and galleries worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Tate Modern in London. His influence extends beyond his own oeuvre, impacting the development of several art movements, including Pop Art and Conceptual Art. Johns' exploration of language and semiotics, particularly in works like "According to What" (1964), prefigured the Conceptual Art movement's interest in the role of language and ideas in art.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Jasper Johns' work represents a critical junction in the evolution of post-war American art, offering rich insights into the interplay between cultural symbols and artistic innovation. His enduring relevance and the intellectual depth of his work continue to inspire and challenge audiences, making him a central figure in discussions of contemporary art.
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