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Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius".
Joseph Wright, styled Joseph Wright of Derby, was an English landscape and portrait painter. He has been acclaimed as "the first professional painter to express the spirit of the Industrial Revolution".
Wright is notable for his use of tenebrism, an exaggerated form of the better known chiaroscuro effect, which emphasizes the contrast of light and dark, and for his paintings of candle-lit subjects. His paintings of the birth of science out of alchemy, often based on the meetings of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a group of scientists and industrialists living in the English Midlands, are a significant record of the struggle of science against religious values in the period known as the Age of Enlightenment.
Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are owned by Derby City Council, and are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.
Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and politician, the 16th President of the United States (March 4, 1861 - April 15, 1865).
The son of a frontiersman and a Kentucky farmer, Lincoln worked hard from an early age and struggled to learn. He was a militiaman in the Indian War, practiced law, and sat in the Illinois legislature for eight years. He was an opponent of slavery and gradually gained a national reputation that earned him victory in the 1860 presidential election.
After becoming the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln turned the Republican Party into a strong national organization. In addition, he drew most Northern Democrats to the Union side. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared permanently free those slaves who were in Confederate territory. Lincoln considered secession illegal and was prepared to use force to defend federal law and the Union. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy, but four remained in the Union, and the Civil War of 1861-1865 began.
Lincoln personally directed the military action that led to victory over the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln was reelected in 1864, and on April 14, 1865, he was fatally shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by actor John Wilkes Booth.
Abraham Lincoln is a national hero of the American people, he is considered one of the best and most famous presidents of the United States until today.
James Lyon was a clergyman and one of the first American composers.
James Lyon was one of the few composers in mid-eighteenth-century America. He earned a master's degree from the College of Philadelphia and became a Presbyterian minister. He is known to have begun writing music while still a student. While living in Philadelphia, Lyon published his Urania, or Select Collection of Psalms, Hymns, and Anthems, in 1761. It contained many English tunes as well as six original pieces by Lyon. Lyon is believed to be the author of the tune that eventually became the song "America (My Country 'Tis of Thee)."
He served the Congregational Church in Machias, Maine from 1771 until his death in 1794. James Lyon was an ardent and active patriot and even made George Washington a detailed proposal to conquer Nova Scotia.
Thomas Godfrey, Jr. was an American poet and playwright.
Thomas Godfrey's father was the inventor of the quadrant and one of the first members of the American Philosophical Society, organized by Benjamin Franklin. Having been home educated and graduated from the Philadelphia Academy, the young Godfrey was first interested in painting, but soon switched to poetry.
Thomas Godfrey lived only 26 years, but left a bright mark in the history of the young country. He managed to write a play-tragedy about ancient times, "The Parthian Prince", which was published in the United States after his death, in 1765. It was staged by an American troupe in Philadelphia on April 24, 1767. This play was significant in that it was the first play written by a native-born American and staged by professionals.
Ann Eliza Bleecker, née Schuyler, is an American poet and writer.
Ann from a young age surprised others with her poetic and literary talent. Married to lawyer John James Bleecker, she continued to write sentimental poems and so-called letters in which she enclosed her compositions. The family idyll was disrupted with the onset of the British offensive during the American Revolution. Ann and her husband had to flee, they experienced much grief and loss. All this greatly affected the character and creativity of Ann Bleecker.
In her most famous fiction narrative "The Story of Maria Kittle", which is addressed to her cousin, Ann describes the hardships of surviving captivity with the cruel Native Americans.
Ann Eliza Bleecker died at the age of 32, leaving behind manuscripts of poetry and prose that she never intended to publish. A few years later, her daughter, the poet Margaret Foger, published a significant portion of Bleeker's work, including twenty-three letters, thirty-six poems, and "The History of Maria Kittle," first in The New-York Magazine in 1790 and 1791, and then in a collection entitled "The Posthumous Works of Anne Eliza Bleecker" in 1793. "The History of Mary Kittle" was reprinted separately in 1797, a testament to the novel's popularity.
Susanna Rowson, née Haswell, was an American writer and poet, playwright, actress, and educator.
Susanna Haswell was the daughter of an officer in the Royal Navy. She published her first novel, Victoria, in 1786 and soon married businessman William Rowson. Susanna's greatest success was her first American bestseller, the novel Charlotte, A Tale of Truth (1791, in later editions under the title Charlotte Temple). This novel, a conventional sentimental story of seduction and remorse, was immensely popular and went through more than 200 editions.
In 1792 she became an actress and performed with her bankrupt husband in Scotland, as well as in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. In 1797, after retiring from the stage, Susanna opened the first "female academy" in Boston. Susanna Rowson also wrote many plays and musicals, and in doing so, helped to develop the performing arts in the United States. Later, she also edited the Boston Weekly Magazine, wrote geography and spelling textbooks, and moralizing manuals.
Hannah Webster Foster, born Hannah Webster, was an American writer.
Hannah received a good academic education for women and began writing political articles for Boston newspapers in the 1770s. In 1797, a sentimental novel she wrote, The Coquette, or the Story of Eliza Wharton, was published anonymously. The novel was based on a true story involving seduction, elopement, and a tragic death, and was a great success. The book was reprinted dozens of times, but it wasn't until the 1866 edition, many years after Foster's death, that the author's real name was placed on the title page for the first time.
Hannah Foster's second book, The Boarding School, or Lessons of a Female Educator to her Female Educators (1798), was devoted to the subject of education.
Catharine Maria Sedgwick was a successful American novelist writer of the first half of the 19th century.
Catharine was the daughter of Theodore Sedgwick, a lawyer, congressman and later senator and state supreme court justice. She was one of the most prolific and respected American novelists of the period, writing six novels, eight works for children, two biographies, and more than 100 short prose stories. The famous writer Edgar Allan Poe reviewed her work quite favorably.
Sedgwick wrote the novels Redwood (1824), Hope Leslie (1827), Clarence (1830), and The Linwoods (1835), her last novel, "Married or Single?" was published in 1857. Her works in particular raise questions about the relationship between nurture and management, and the key role of women in shaping the emerging nation.
Catherine Sedgwick was also active in the New York Women's Prison Association from its inception in 1854 until her death.
Lydia Maria Child, née Francis, is an American writer and journalist, women's rights and Indian rights activist, and a prominent abolitionist.
Lydia Francis was born into a family of abolitionists, which shaped her worldview. From the age of 18, she taught, wrote historical novels and in 1826 founded a periodical for children "Juvenile Miscellany".
Her first novel, Hobomock, was published in 1824 - set in colonial New England and based on the marriage of a white woman, Mary Conant, and a Native American named Hobomock. In 1833, Lydia Child published An Appeal in Favor of the Class of Americans Called Africans, which recounted the history of slavery and decried the educational and employment inequalities of the black population in the United States. As a result, she was expectedly publicly condemned and her magazine collapsed. But this book united and empowered like-minded people in the abolitionist movement.
On the subject of inequality, Lydia Child wrote throughout her life, and she also spoke out on behalf of Native American peoples. In 1861, "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" was published. Her many books also include Flowers for Children (1844-47), Facts and Fictions (1846), The Freedmen's Book (1865), and An Address to the Indians (1868).
Rockwell Kent is an American artist, illustrator, and writer. He was born and raised in New York City and began his art career in the early 1920s.
Kent worked in a variety of genres and styles, including realism, expressionism, and cubism. Kent became known for his book illustrations as well as his paintings and prints. His work was frequently published in Harper's Weekly, The New York Times, and Vanity Fair magazines and newspapers.
He also illustrated many books, including famous works by Ernest Hemingway and Herman Melville. Kent was also an activist and political activist. He was an advocate of socialist ideals and participated in political movements. In addition, he was a traveler and explorer, having made several trips to Alaska and other far northern territories.
Kent was also a writer and author of several books, including the autobiographical novel It's Me, O Lord! and a book about his travels. Kent's style was recognizable and original, and he was known for his powerful compositions, bright colors, and pronounced contours. His work remained popular even after his death in 1971, and many can be seen in museums and art galleries around the world.
Sojourner Truth, born Isabella Baumfree, was an American abolitionist and feminist born into slavery.
Isabella Baumfree was born a slave in Dutch-speaking Ulster County, New York. She was bought and sold four times, subjected to hard physical labor and cruel punishments. As a teenager, she was united with another slave, by whom she had five children. In 1827 - a year before New York's slave emancipation law went into effect - Isabella and her daughter escaped to the nearby Van Wagener abolitionist family. This family bought her freedom for twenty dollars and helped her get her son back.
Isabella moved to New York City in 1828, where she worked for a local minister. By the early 1830s, she was involved in the religious actions sweeping the state and became a charismatic orator. In 1843, she claimed that the Spirit had called her to preach the truth and began calling herself Sojourner Truth. She advocated abolition, temperance, and civil and women's rights.
Being illiterate herself, Sojourner Truth dictated her story to Olive Gilbert, with whom she worked in the abolitionist Northampton Association. As a result, Sojourner Truth's Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern slave freed from bodily slavery by the State of New York in 1828, was published in 1850. 1851 in Akron, Ohio, Truth gave her famous "Am I Not a Woman?" speech. She was a passionate fighter for all aspects of social justice and continued to travel the United States at the risk of her life giving speeches on women's rights, prison reform, and desegregation.