Engravers 15th century
Albrecht Altdorfer, a notable German painter, engraver, and architect of the Renaissance era, was especially recognized for his contributions to landscape painting. Born around 1480, Altdorfer was a pivotal figure in the Danube School, distinguishing himself with his integration of natural landscapes into biblical and historical narratives.
His works are celebrated for their detailed and expressive landscapes, often serving as backdrops to religious and historical scenes. A hallmark of his style is the emotional intensity and vivid use of colors, which border on expressionistic in his religious scenes, particularly seen in works like the Sebastian Altar in St. Florian's Priory. Altdorfer's painting, "The Battle of Alexander at Issus," stands out for its epic portrayal of Alexander the Great's victory, showcasing Altdorfer's talent in blending historical narrative with dramatic landscape settings.
In addition to his artistic pursuits, Altdorfer was actively involved in the civic life of Regensburg, serving as its mayor in 1528. His legacy in the art world is profound, with his innovative approach to landscape painting influencing the course of European art.
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Erhard Altdorfer, a German Early Renaissance printmaker, painter, and architect, is renowned for his contributions to the arts during the 16th century. Born around 1480, Altdorfer's career flourished in Schwerin, where he served as a court painter and architect for the Dukes of Mecklenburg from 1512 until his death in 1561. His journey into the arts likely began under the guidance of his older brother, Albrecht Altdorfer, a prominent figure in the same era.
Altdorfer's early work possibly included collaboration with his brother in Regensburg. By 1512, his talents led him to Schwerin, marking the start of a significant phase in his career. His oeuvre includes various forms, from engravings and woodcuts to paintings and architectural designs. Notable among his works are contributions to the Lübeck Bible, showcasing his skill in woodcut illustrations. Despite the limited number of signed works, his contributions to printmaking and painting hold a place in the history of German Renaissance art. His works, reflecting a blend of influences, including from Lucas Cranach the Elder and Jacopo de' Barbari, demonstrate a unique interpretation of the Renaissance style.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, understanding Altdorfer's role within the context of the Early Renaissance and his contributions, especially in printmaking and painting, offers a nuanced appreciation of this period. His works, though not as prolifically signed as those of some contemporaries, remain significant for their historical and artistic value. To stay updated on new discoveries or auction events related to Erhard Altdorfer's works, consider signing up for updates to deepen your knowledge and collection of Renaissance art.
Hans Baldung, also known as Hans Baldung Grien, was a prominent figure in the German Renaissance, celebrated for his innovative approach to painting, printmaking, and drawing. Born around 1484 in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany, and passing away in 1545 in Strasbourg, France, Baldung's career was marked by a distinctive style that art historians have associated with the mannerist tendencies of the time. His work is notable for its exploration of themes such as the imminence of death, the complexities of human sexuality, and scenes of witchcraft, distinguishing him from his contemporaries with a bold and unique artistic voice.
Educated in the workshop of Albrecht Dürer, Baldung quickly developed his own artistic language, absorbing and then transcending Dürer's influence. He is particularly renowned for his altarpieces, portraits, and a series of works that delve into eroticism and the supernatural. Among his most significant contributions is the high altar of the Freiburg Münster, an eleven-panel masterpiece depicting scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, which remains a testament to his mastery over religious subjects even as he ventured into more secular and profane themes.
Baldung's fascination with witchcraft and his portrayal of witches in art were groundbreaking for the time. His works in this area, such as "The Witches' Sabbath" and "Weather Witches," reveal a complex interplay of humanist thought, classical literature, and contemporary beliefs about witchcraft. They offer a nuanced perspective that blends satire with a deeper commentary on human nature and societal fears, marking Baldung as a pioneer in the visual exploration of these themes.
Despite his engagement with the themes of death and witchcraft, Baldung's oeuvre is also rich in portraits characterized by sharp individualization and psychological depth, as well as altarpieces that convey a profound spiritual and theological insight. His ability to navigate between the realms of the divine and the earthly, the solemn and the profane, solidifies his position as a versatile and innovative artist of the Renaissance.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Hans Baldung's work offers a unique window into the confluence of Renaissance artistry, humanist thought, and the socio-religious dynamics of early 16th-century Europe. His paintings and prints not only adorn museums and galleries worldwide but also continue to inspire and provoke deep reflection on the human condition.
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Giovanni Pietro Birago was an Italian painter, illuminator, and engraver for the Sforza court.
He worked from 1470 to 1513 in Brescia, Venice, and Milan, was a leading Milanese illustrator and was favored by the ducal court.
Jörg Breu the Elder of Augsburg, was a painter of the German Danube school. He was the son of a weaver. He journeyed to Austria and created several multi-panel altarpieces there in 1500–02, such as the Melk Abbey altar (1502). He returned to Augsburg in 1502, where he became a master. He travelled to Italy twice, in ca. 1508 and in 1514/15.
Hans Burgkmair the Elder was a German Renaissance painter, graphic artist and sculptor. He came from a family of painters. He studied painting with Martin Schongauer in Colmar from 1488.
Hans Burgkmayr was a versatile artist, working in various techniques including painting, woodcuts, stained glass designs and tapestries. He was known for his complex and detailed style, which included elements of naturalism and symbolism.
Burgkmayr's paintings often depicted religious and mythological themes, as well as historical events. His style is influenced by the Italian Renaissance, particularly in its attention to anatomical accuracy and use of perspective.
One of Hans Burgkmayr's significant contributions was in the field of engraving. His woodcuts were highly regarded for their technical skill and artistic quality.
Ugo da Carpi was an Italian printmaker active between 1502 and 1532 in the cities of Venice, Rome and Bologna. He is known for his technical and stylistic contributions to the chiaroscuro woodcut, a printmaking technique using blocks of different colours. Ugo claimed to be the first to use this technique, seeking a copyright first from the Venetian senate, and later from Pope Leo X. Although he did not create the chiaroscuro woodcut technique, he was one of the first Italian practitioners. He contributed to its development through his powerful style, focus on tonality and interpretive skills. One of his most famous works is a print of Diogenes. In addition to his numerous prints, he produced a writing book, and is also known to have produced at least one painting, the altarpiece of Saint Veronica in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Lucas Cranach the Elder was a pivotal figure in German Renaissance art. As a leading painter of Saxony, his influence spanned across the 16th century, making significant contributions through his paintings, woodcuts, and engravings. His artistic journey began under the tutelage of his father, Hans Maler, and saw him becoming court painter to the Elector of Saxony, where he produced a vast array of works including altarpieces, court portraits, and notably, portraits of Protestant Reformers.
Cranach's artistry was not confined to any single genre. He was renowned for his portraits of the aristocracy, deeply symbolic religious paintings, and engaging mythological scenes. His ability to capture the essence of the Protestant Reformation, notably through his portraits of Martin Luther, showcases his close connection to the movement and his role as a key figure in conveying its ideals through art.
A significant part of Cranach's legacy is his workshop in Wittenberg, which was a hub of artistic production. This workshop produced numerous works that bore his distinctive winged serpent signature, a mark of quality and innovation in the art of the period. Cranach's workshop was known for its efficient operation, enabling the production of a large volume of works that catered to the high demand of his time.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Lucas Cranach the Elder's work represents an intriguing intersection of art, culture, and history. His contributions to Renaissance art and his unique portrayal of religious and mythological themes continue to captivate audiences, making his work highly sought after in the world of art collection.
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Albrecht Dürer, born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg, Germany, is widely regarded as the greatest German Renaissance painter. His contribution to painting and engraving is quite significant and has left a notable mark on the art world. Dürer's early life was spent in Nuremberg, a city that played a crucial role in his development as an artist and was also the site of his death on April 6, 1528. He was the son of the goldsmith Albrecht Dürer the Elder, from whom he initially learned the basics of drawing and metalworking.
Dürer's work is characterized by a combination of Gothic elements with the emerging Renaissance style, which is evident in his woodcuts and engravings. His oeuvre encompasses many themes, including religious works, altarpieces, portraits, and self-portraits. His outstanding prints, such as The Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), St. Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), are known for their intricate detail and artistic skill. Dürer was also one of the earliest European landscape painters, as evidenced by his watercolor paintings.
Equally significant are his theoretical writings on mathematics, perspective, and ideal proportions in art. Dürer was not only an artist but also a keen intellectual, his interests encompassing various aspects of culture and science. He served as court painter to Holy Roman Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V, completing several significant art projects for them. Dürer's keen mind and versatile interests brought him into contact with the most prominent figures of his time, including theologians and scientists of the Reformation era.
Dürer's self-portraits are particularly famous, demonstrating not only his artistic skill but also his self-awareness and personal style. These portraits attest to his growing success and confidence as an artist. Dürer's legacy is immense; he influenced not only the art of his time, but also left an indelible mark on the history of European art.
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Daniel Hopfer the Elder was a German artist who is widely believed to have been the first to use etching in printmaking, at the end of the fifteenth century. He also worked in woodcut. Although his etchings were widely ignored by art historians for years, more recent scholarship is crediting him and his work with "single-handedly establishing the salability of etchings" and introducing the print publisher business model.
Unlike most later prints, etched on copper plates, Hopfer's printed etching continued to use the iron plates he was used to working with in steel plate armour, the material he was trained in, and with which he continued to work.
Andrea Mantegna was an Italian painter and engraver, celebrated as the first fully Renaissance artist of northern Italy. Born in 1431 near Vicenza, Mantegna emerged from Francesco Squarcione's Paduan school, distinguishing himself early on with his mastery in painting and his innovative use of perspective. His departure from Squarcione's workshop at a young age to establish his own marked the beginning of a prolific career that would influence the course of Renaissance art.
Mantegna's work is renowned for its dramatic use of perspective and detail, which he applied with meticulous care to both religious subjects and classical themes. His groundbreaking fresco cycle in the Ovetari Chapel, though largely destroyed during WWII, showcased his early mastery of perspective, a technique that would become a hallmark of his style. This early work helped establish his reputation, leading to significant commissions such as the Camera degli Sposi in Mantua's Ducal Palace, completed in 1474, which delighted visitors with its illusionistic space and detailed portraits of the Gonzaga family.
One of his most famous works, the Triumph of Caesar, consists of a series of nine canvases that depict Julius Caesar's victorious return to Rome. These panels, celebrated for their detailed portrayal of the Roman triumph, are now housed in Hampton Court Palace in London. Mantegna's meticulous attention to classical detail and his ability to convey narrative through art have made these works stand out in the history of Renaissance painting.
His exploration of perspective reached a zenith in works such as the Lamentation of Christ, where the use of foreshortening to depict Christ's body laid out for the viewer demonstrated Mantegna's skill in manipulating visual perception for dramatic effect. This piece, along with other later works like the Madonna of Victory and the paintings for Isabella d'Este's private chambers, showcase Mantegna's continuous evolution as an artist and his influence on subsequent generations.
Mantegna's legacy extends beyond his paintings; his engravings were highly valued for their detail and technical execution, influencing artists such as Albrecht Dürer. His draughtsmanship and innovative compositions in both painting and engraving marked a significant contribution to the Italian Renaissance, blending classical themes with the emerging humanist philosophy of the time.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Mantegna's works offer a fascinating insight into the transition from medieval to Renaissance art, characterized by an increased emphasis on humanism, perspective, and a revival of classical antiquity. His paintings and engravings not only depict the cultural and intellectual zeitgeist of his era but also demonstrate his technical prowess and creative vision.
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Jacopo Palma the Elder, born in 1480, was an illustrious Italian painter whose work left an indelible mark on the Venetian Renaissance. Renowned for his vibrant colors, dramatic compositions, and adept storytelling, Palma the Elder was a master of both religious and secular themes, embodying the splendor of Venice in his canvases.
Known for his profound influence on the development of Venetian painting, Palma's art is celebrated for its dynamic use of light and shadow, a characteristic that would come to define the Venetian style. His ability to infuse scenes with emotional depth and realism drew viewers into his narratives, making his works compelling for both contemporary audiences and modern viewers.
Among his most notable works are his altarpieces, which grace many of Venice's storied churches, showcasing his skill in depicting sacred subjects with reverence and majesty. His portraits and mythological scenes are equally esteemed, housed in some of the world's most prestigious museums and galleries. These pieces not only highlight his technical prowess but also his versatility as an artist.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Jacopo Palma the Elder represents a pivotal figure whose contributions to the Renaissance continue to captivate and inspire. His paintings offer a window into the rich cultural and artistic milieu of early 16th-century Venice, making them highly sought after for their beauty and historical significance.
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Marcantonio Raimondi, also Marcantonio Francia, was an Italian draftsman and copper engraver. He authored more than 300 engravings of Renaissance artworks, including paintings by Raphael and ancient monuments such as architecture, vases and ornaments.
Marcantonio spent his childhood years in Bologna, but little is known of his mother and father's family. The artist was called "Marco Antonio Bolognese". According to Giorgio Vasari, Marcantonio spent some time in France, as his monogram "MAF": Marcantonio Francia confirms. Later he travelled between Venice, Florence and Rome. Influences of the French style can be seen in his works.
His work on the works of Raphael led Marcantonio to collaborate with Giulio Romano, who first commissioned from him a series of images taken from The Histories of Venus, Apollo and Hyacinth and The Histories of Magdalene and the Four Evangelists. Sixteen engravings, based on drawings by Giulio Romano, of Pietro Aretino's love sonnets and containing an erotic subject, were called "Poses of Aretino".
Martin Schongauer was an Alsatian engraver and painter. He was the most important printmaker north of the Alps before Albrecht Dürer, a younger artist who collected his work. Schongauer is the first German painter to be a significant engraver, although he seems to have had the family background and training in goldsmithing which was usual for early engravers.
The bulk of Schongauer's surviving production is 116 engravings, all with his monogram but none dated, which were well known not only in Germany, but also in Italy and even made their way to England and Spain.
Israhel van Meckenem, also known as Israhel van Meckenem the Younger, was a German printmaker and goldsmith, perhaps of a Dutch family origin.
He was the most prolific engraver of the fifteenth century and an important figure in the early history of old master prints. In total, he produced over 620 engravings, most of which were copies of other prints; they represent about 20% of print production by all Northern European artists in the period of his working life. His career lasted long enough for him to copy Dürer prints.
Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen was a Northern Netherlandish designer of woodcuts and painter. He was one of the first important artists working in Amsterdam, at a time when it was a flourishing and beautiful provincial town.
Throughout his artistic career, Cornelisz's painting style changed. At first, he started as a late Gothic craftsman under the influence of the Haarlem school and then ended with a style presented by the painting Saul and the Witch of Endor. In this particular painting, the details are simple, elongated proportions and a looser stroke of paint. Though he excelled as a technical painter, he was not a good leader. He progressed at presenting contemporary trends in subject-matter and style.
Cornelisz's symbolism was also conservative as well. He painted mostly sacred themes with traditional iconography in old and new combinations in response to an event, such as the Reformation.
Hans von Kulmbach was an early sixteenth-century German artist. He is known as a painter, graphic artist, and draftsman for woodcuts.
Kulmbach specialized in historical paintings and portraits known for their softness, harmony and subtle transitions in colors. The master's most notable works were stained glass windows in churches, including Maximilian's stained glass window in St. Sebalde Church in Nuremberg. He also created the altars of St. Mary's, St. Catherine's and St. John's in Kraków. His works were renowned for their quality artwork and light and shadow technique.