Sculptors 16th century
Amico Aspertini was an Italian Renaissance painter, draughtsman, and sculptor, considered one of the leading representatives of the Bolognese school of painting.
He was trained in the family workshop and was influenced by the artists of the Ferrara school, Ercole de'Roberti, Lorenzo Costa, and Francesco Francia. He worked as a painter and sculptor, and was also an excellent draughtsman, as evidenced by his many surviving drawings and sketches. Contemporaries marveled at his complex and impulsive character and noted that he worked with both hands simultaneously.
Aspertini painted splendid portraits as well as numerous frescoes and altarpiece paintings in chapels and churches in Italy. Many of his works are eccentric and eclectic, even whimsically fantastical, his complex style anticipating Mannerism.
Gentile Bellini was a seminal Venetian painter, born circa 1429 into Venice’s preeminent family of artists. Known primarily for his portraiture and scenes depicting the Middle East, Bellini's style was marked by precise execution and keen attention to detail. His paintings, especially those from his time in Constantinople, showcased an enchanting blend of Western and Eastern artistic elements, contributing significantly to the Orientalist movement in Western art.
His works are renowned for their incorporation of architectural elements from the regions he visited, which played a pivotal role in educating Europeans about cultures beyond their borders. Bellini served as a cultural ambassador to the Ottoman Court, painting the portrait of Sultan Mehmed II, a work that remains notable for its vivid portrayal and historical significance.
Despite the destruction of many of his paintings, some of Bellini's masterpieces continue to be celebrated, such as "The Miracle of the True Cross at the Bridge of San Lorenzo" and "The Procession in Piazza San Marco," which reflect the grandeur and spirit of Venice during the Renaissance.
Bellini's legacy extends beyond his canvases, influencing the craft and direction of future artists, including his student Titian. While contemporary critics often regard his brother, Giovanni Bellini, as the more accomplished artist, Gentile's contributions to the Venetian school and his role in bridging Western and Eastern art remain undisputed.
For collectors and art experts, Gentile Bellini's work represents a confluence of cultural narratives and artistic excellence. To stay informed about exhibitions and sales featuring Gentile Bellini's work, signing up for updates can provide an exclusive edge in the art and antiques sphere.
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Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, an Italian artist, is celebrated as one of the most remarkable sculptors and architects of the Baroque era. Born in Naples in 1598, Bernini's family moved to Rome when he was a child, where he spent most of his life shaping the city's artistic landscape. His prodigious talent emerged early, evident in works created in collaboration with his father, Pietro Bernini, and soon caught the attention of influential patrons like Cardinal Scipione Borghese and Pope Paul V.
Bernini's work, characterized by dynamic and exuberant style, spanned various genres including portraiture, tomb sculpture, and religious and mythological representations. His ability to turn marble into lifelike figures and scenes, blending realism with emotional intensity, was unparalleled. Key works like "Aeneas and Anchises," "Pluto and Proserpina," and "Apollo and Daphne" exemplify this mastery.
Not confined to sculpture, Bernini was also an accomplished architect, contributing significantly to the architectural landscape of Rome. His involvement with St. Peter's Basilica, notably the Baldacchino and the design of St. Peter's Square, reflect his vision of merging architecture with sculpture to create a cohesive and impactful experience. His work on the Cornaro Chapel, including the famous "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa," showcases this integration, combining sculpture, architecture, and light to stunning effect.
Bernini's influence extended beyond Rome. In 1665, he was invited by Louis XIV to France to work on the Louvre, though his architectural designs were not realized. His portrait bust of Louis XIV, however, remains a testament to his skill in capturing not just the likeness but the essence of his subjects.
A man of deep faith, Bernini's works often reflected his religious devotion, though he was also known for his caricatures and playful sketches, revealing a lighter side to his personality. His artistic legacy, characterized by the fusion of various art forms and the dramatic use of light and space, continues to influence and inspire.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Bernini's works remain a pinnacle of Baroque artistry, a testament to his innovative spirit and technical brilliance. His pieces, found in museums and galleries, continue to draw admiration for their emotional depth and exquisite craftsmanship.
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Francesco Brambilla the Younger was an Italian sculptor active in the Milanese area during the Renaissance (16th century), particularly famous for his work of decorating the Milan cathedral. The statues of the Four Doctors of the Church are his work, placed in the right pulpit and made in 1590, cast in bronze by Giovanni Battista Busca; he also made the models for most of the angels in the rear choir, those for the choir carvings and the stuccoes of the shutters.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known simply as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who played a significant role in the High Renaissance period. Born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, Michelangelo's works are a testament to his mastery in various artistic realms, defining him as a quintessential Renaissance man.
Michelangelo's fame began early in his career, most notably with his sculptures "Pietà" (1499) and "David" (1501), both completed before he turned thirty. Despite his self-perception primarily as a sculptor, Michelangelo made an indelible mark in painting, particularly with the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel. These works include the scenes from Genesis on the chapel's ceiling and "The Last Judgment" on its altar wall, showcasing his innovative use of physical realism and psychological tension.
Among his most famous works, the "David" statue, now housed in the Accademia Gallery in Florence, and the "Pietà," located in St. Peter's Basilica, stand out for their intricate detail and emotional depth. Michelangelo's ability to imbue life into marble and his thoughtful consideration of light and shadow in painting were revolutionary. His techniques in fresco painting, such as the buon fresco method used in the Sistine Chapel, where he painted on wet plaster, were groundbreaking for their time.
Despite his temperamental nature, Michelangelo was deeply religious and dedicated to his art, often eschewing the use of assistants. His works were not only recognized and admired in Italy but also attracted attention from abroad, including the Ottoman Empire. Michelangelo's influence extended beyond his lifetime, significantly impacting the development of Mannerism and the Baroque style.
For art collectors and experts, Michelangelo's works remain a pinnacle of artistic achievement. His ability to blend realism with expressive physicality in both sculpture and painting set new standards in art. His works in major museums and galleries worldwide continue to inspire and awe viewers, reflecting the enduring legacy of his genius.
For those interested in the world of art and antiques, staying informed about Michelangelo's works and their influence on modern art is essential. To receive updates on new product sales and auction events related to Michelangelo, sign up for our newsletter. This subscription is an excellent opportunity for enthusiasts and experts alike to stay connected with the ongoing legacy of one of history's greatest artists.
Lodovico Carracci was a significant Italian painter and printmaker from Bologna, renowned for his contributions to Baroque art and the Bolognese school. He was a pivotal figure in reinvigorating Italian art, particularly fresco art, which had been overshadowed by the formalistic Mannerism of the late Renaissance period.
His works are distinguished by their emotional depth and spiritual intensity, often achieved through bold gestures and dramatic lighting. As an artist, he was instrumental in establishing the Carracci workshop and style, alongside his cousins Agostino and Annibale Carracci. Together, they founded an art academy in Bologna around 1585 that focused on a naturalistic approach to painting, emphasizing life drawing and a return to classical principles.
Lodovico Carracci was known for his skillful use of colour and his ability to create harmonious and balanced compositions. His works often depicted religious and mythological subjects and he was particularly famous for his frescoes, which adorned many churches and palaces in Bologna. He was also an influential teacher, with Guido Reni and Domenichino among his pupils.
Among Carracci's known works are notable religious compositions like "The Lamentation" and "Madonna and Child with Saints," which are now housed in prestigious museums such as The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. He also worked on significant fresco cycles in private palaces, such as the cycle depicting the story of Jason and the Argonauts in the Palazzo Fava, completed in 1584.
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Giovanni Battista Castello was an Italian historical painter. His best-known works are the paintings on the vault of the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato. He was an architect and sculptor as well as painter. He painted of the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian in the monastery of San Sebastiano. He worked on various projects with his friend Cambiaso, including in a chapel for the Duomo di San Lorenzo.
Lorenzo di Credi was an Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor best known for his paintings of religious subjects. He is most famous for having worked in the studio of Andrea del Verrocchio at the same time as the young Leonardo da Vinci.
Giovanni da Bologna, also known as Jean de Boulogne (French), Giambologna (Italian), Fiammingo (Italian) and Jehan Boulongne (Flemish), was the last significant Italian Renaissance sculptor, with a large workshop producing large and small works in bronze and marble in a late Mannerist style.
Girolamo da Treviso the Younger was an Italian painter whose versatile talent shone brightly during the Renaissance. Born in Treviso, his artistic journey was marked by a profound ability to blend the innovative techniques of the High Renaissance with the rich traditions of Italian painting.
Renowned for his expertise in a variety of subjects, Girolamo's works ranged from religious narratives to mythological scenes, each imbued with a depth of emotion and meticulous attention to detail. His style was characterized by dynamic compositions, a masterful use of perspective, and a vibrant palette that brought his figures and landscapes to life.
Among his notable contributions to the art world, Girolamo da Treviso's altarpieces and frescoes stand out for their artistic and historical significance. These works, preserved in some of the most prestigious museums and churches across Italy, continue to attract art lovers and scholars, captivated by their beauty and the story of their creator.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Girolamo da Treviso II represents an intriguing figure whose oeuvre offers a window into the transformative period of the Renaissance. His paintings are not only valued for their aesthetic appeal but also for the insights they provide into the cultural and artistic developments of the 16th century.
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Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. His remarkable abilities and innovative thinking made him an epitome of the Renaissance humanist ideal. Born in Vinci, near Florence, in 1452, Leonardo was educated in Florence by Andrea del Verrocchio, a renowned painter and sculptor. He began his career in Florence, later working in Milan, Rome, and France, where he died in 1519.
Da Vinci is revered for his artistic mastery, technological innovation, and scientific inquiry. Despite having fewer than 25 major works attributed to him, including several unfinished ones, his influence on Western art is profound. His magnum opus, the "Mona Lisa," housed in the Louvre Museum, Paris, is considered the world's most famous painting. "The Last Supper," his most reproduced religious painting, showcases his mastery of dramatic narrative and pictorial illusionism. Both paintings exhibit Leonardo's unique ability to convey complex human emotions and his innovative use of techniques like sfumato and chiaroscuro.
Leonardo's interests extended far beyond fine art. He was a visionary in multiple fields, including anatomy, physics, architecture, and mechanics. His notebooks reveal designs for machines like bicycles, helicopters, and military tanks, centuries ahead of their time. However, due to his diverse interests, he left many projects and paintings incomplete. Leonardo's final years were spent in France, where he continued his artistic and scientific pursuits until his death.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Leonardo da Vinci remains a figure of endless fascination. His works not only embody the pinnacle of Renaissance art but also provide insights into the era's scientific and philosophical inquiry. To stay updated on new sales and auction events related to Leonardo da Vinci, sign up for our newsletter. This subscription is a gateway to exploring the rich legacy of this unparalleled artist and inventor.
Juan de Mesa y Velasco was a Spanish Baroque sculptor born in 1583 in Córdoba and died in 1627 in Seville. He is renowned for creating several effigies used in Holy Week processions in Seville, showcasing his masterful approach to religious art during the Baroque period. Mesa was a prominent disciple of Juan Martínez Montañés, embodying the transition from Renaissance ideals to Baroque emotion and realism.
His work is distinguished by its realistic portrayal of human anatomy, intense expression, and dramatism, particularly evident in his crucified Christ figures. These sculptures not only convey the physical torment of Christ but also embody a deep spiritual passion, aligning with the Catholic Church's post-Tridentine mandates for art to be accessible and educative for the faithful. Among his notable works are the Cristo de la Buena Muerte and Jesús del Gran Poder, which remain central to Seville's Holy Week celebrations and are celebrated for their emotional depth and realism.
Despite his premature death at 44, possibly due to tuberculosis, Mesa's legacy endures through his sculptures, which continue to be objects of devotion and admiration. His ability to capture the intensity of biblical narratives and the human form has made him a pivotal figure in Spanish Baroque sculpture, with works held in high regard and still influencing the tradition of religious procession figures in Spain.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Mesa's work represents a peak of Baroque sculptural art, imbued with spiritual depth and technical mastery. To stay informed about new discoveries and auction events related to Juan de Mesa y Velasco, signing up for updates is recommended. This ensures access to the latest sales and insights into the enduring legacy of this Baroque master.
Blas de Prado, a distinguished Spanish painter, was born around 1545 in Camarena, near Toledo. A pupil of Alonso Berruguete, Prado is renowned for his contributions to Spanish Renaissance art. His works, characterized by their classical and naturalistic styles, reflect a deep understanding of Italian influences and a mastery in portraiture.
Prado's career was predominantly centered in Toledo, where he created numerous works for local churches and also received patronage from the Spanish royal court. His painting style is noted for its blend of Italian classicism and Venetian color influences, visible in his religious and portrait works. One of his significant contributions to Spanish art was introducing still-life painting, as noted by the art theorist Francisco Pacheco.
Among Prado's most notable works is "The Holy Family with Saints Ildephonsus, John the Evangelist and the Master Alonso de Villegas" (1589), which is housed in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. This masterpiece showcases his skill in blending monumental Italian classicism with realistic portrayal. His other significant works include "The Descent from the Cross" at Valencia Cathedral, showcasing influences from Michelangelo, and a series of frescoes in the chapel of the Quinta de Mirabel, Toledo.
Prado's legacy extends beyond his paintings. His influence as a teacher is evident in the works of his students, like Juan Sánchez Cotán, a significant figure in Spanish still-life painting. Blas de Prado's artistry left an indelible mark on the Spanish Renaissance, making him a figure of immense interest to collectors and experts in art and antiques.
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Gregorio Fernández was a Spanish Baroque sculptor, celebrated for his profound impact on religious art during the 17th century. Born in Sarriá, Lugo, in 1576 and later settling in Valladolid, Fernández became a pivotal figure in the Castilian school of sculpture. His works are renowned for their dramatic expressiveness and intricate detail, capturing both physical and moral pain alongside mystical experiences through the serene poses and expressive faces and hands of his figures. The realism in his sculptures was further enhanced by the use of glass for eyes, ivory for nails and teeth, and other materials to add authenticity.
Valladolid's artistic environment, shaped by the Counter-Reformation and the legacy of architects like Juan de Herrera, played a crucial role in Fernández's development. His sculptures for altarpieces and processional "pasos" like the famous "Camino del Calvario" are notable for their blending of naturalistic detail and classical support structures, creating a dynamic interplay of form and religious narrative.
Fernández's mastery is evident in a range of works, from the serene "Pietà" to the detailed "Cristo Yacente," and his influence extended across Spain, from Madrid to Galicia and Extremadura. His collaboration with painters on the polychrome of statues added a vibrant dimension to the sculptures, enriching their emotional impact.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Fernández's contributions to the Spanish Baroque period exemplify the height of religious sculpture, blending technical skill, emotional depth, and theological significance. His legacy continues to inspire and resonate within the art world, with many of his works preserved in museums and galleries, including the Museo Nacional de Escultura in Valladolid.
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Francesco Francia, also known as Francesco Raibolini, was an Italian painter, goldsmith, and medallist from Bologna. He began his career in the late 15th century and collaborated with artists like Lorenzo Costa, drawing inspiration from the styles of Ercole de' Roberti, Perugino, and Raphael.
Francia ran a successful workshop and trained notable artists such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Ludovico Marmitta. While it was once rumored that Raphael's work caused him to die of depression, their friendship has since debunked this claim.
Francesco Francia passed away in Bologna, and his sons, Giacomo Francia and Giulio Francia, also became artists.
Juan Martínez Montañés, born on March 16, 1568, in Alcalá la Real, Jaén, Spain, and passing away on June 18, 1649, was a luminary of the Spanish Baroque sculpture scene, heralded as "el Dios de la Madera" (the God of Wood) for his unrivaled mastery in wood carving. His contributions significantly shaped the Sevillian school of sculpture, where he introduced the innovative encarnación technique, imbuing his wooden sculptures with lifelike skin tones.
Montañés is celebrated for his exceptional naturalism and precision in depicting human anatomy, setting him apart from many contemporaries. His works, characterized by their graceful forms and devout expressions, often encapsulated the religious fervor of the era. Notable pieces include the highly revered 'Saint John the Baptist', showcased at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and 'Cristo de la Clemencia', housed in the Seville Cathedral, each illustrating his skillful handling of wood and keen attention to anatomical detail.
Throughout his life, Montañés enjoyed significant acclaim, not only within Spain but also internationally, with some of his works making their way to the Spanish Americas. This broad recognition is a testament to his influence on and contribution to the Baroque artistic movement. His legacy persisted through his students, including notable figures such as Juan de Mesa, and through his son, Alonzo Martínez, ensuring the continuation of his stylistic and technical innovations in sculpture.
For collectors and art and antiques enthusiasts, Montañés's works remain pivotal, embodying the spiritual and artistic zeitgeist of 17th-century Spain. His sculptures are not just artistic marvels but also cultural artifacts that offer insights into the era's religious and social contexts.
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Bernard Palissy was a French natural scientist, painter, ceramicist and sculptor, geologist and writer of the French Renaissance.
Born into a family of artisans, Palissy apprenticed with his father as a glass artist and traveled throughout southwestern France comprehending pottery and studying geology. Today he is best known for his amazing lead-glazed pottery with images of various animals and people. After seeing a white glazed cup, probably of Chinese porcelain, in the 1540s, he set out to learn the secrets of its manufacture. His early research is described in De l'art de la terre. Although Palissy never succeeded in reproducing what he saw, his experiments gave him a thorough knowledge of the chemical compositions of minerals.
From 1575 in Paris, Palissy gave public lectures on natural history, which were published as Discours admirables (1580). In this treatise, Bernard Palissy touches on an incredibly wide range of subjects, from the techniques of ceramics, metallurgy and chemistry to hydrology, geology and fossils. He correctly identified fossils as the remains of ancient life. This work reveals him as a writer and scientist, a creator of modern agronomy and a pioneer of the experimental method, with scientific views generally more advanced than those of his contemporaries.
Francesco Primaticcio was an Italian Mannerist painter, architect and sculptor who spent most of his career in France.
Primaticcio's crowded Mannerist compositions and his long-legged canon of beauty influenced French art for the rest of the century.
Giulio Cesare Procaccini was an illustrious Italian painter and sculptor of the Baroque period, celebrated for his dynamic and expressive works. Born in Bologna and later moving to Milan, Procaccini's artistry was deeply influenced by the emotional intensity of Mannerism and the vibrant colorism of Venetian painting, signaling the dawn of the Baroque era.
Procaccini's oeuvre includes significant altarpieces such as the "Circumcision" now in the Galleria Estense in Modena, and the "Last Supper" for the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato in Genoa. His collaboration with artists like Giovanni Battista Crespi and Pier Francesco Mazzucchelli under the patronage of Cardinal Federico Borromeo highlighted his pivotal role in the Milanese art scene. Moreover, Procaccini's "Ecce Homo" at the Dallas Museum of Art and "The Agony in the Garden" at the Prado Museum in Madrid exemplify his mastery in depicting religious narratives with profound emotion and technical sophistication.
Procaccini's journey through the art world was marked by his initial work as a sculptor, later transitioning to painting, where he left a lasting legacy. Commissioned to paint scenes commemorating the life of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo in Milan Cathedral, his style evolved to exhibit increased clarity and a brighter palette, indicative of his maturation as an artist. His exposure to the works of Rubens and his travels across Italy allowed him to absorb and reinterpret the stylistic elements of Caravaggio, Correggio, and Parmigianino, enriching his own artistic language.
Though not represented in London's National Gallery, Procaccini's paintings grace collections across Europe and beyond, with notable works in the north of England, including "The Mocking of Christ" at Museums Sheffield and "The Raising of the Cross" at the National Galleries of Scotland. These pieces demonstrate his skillful use of color and ability to convey the physical and emotional weight of biblical stories.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Giulio Cesare Procaccini represents a fascinating study in the transition from Mannerism to Baroque, embodying the emotional depth and innovative spirit of early 17th-century Italian art. His contributions to the Baroque period remain a testament to his versatility and enduring appeal.
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Veit Stoß war ein bedeutender deutscher Bildhauer, dessen Werk den Übergang von der Spätgotik zur nördlichen Renaissance markiert. Der um 1450 in der Nähe von Horb am Neckar geborene Stoß ist für seinen gefühlsbetonten Stil und seine filigranen Schnitzereien, vor allem in Holz, bekannt. Sein Hauptwerk, der 1489 vollendete Veit-Stoß-Altar in der Krakauer Marienkirche, ist ein Zeugnis seines handwerklichen Könnens und gilt als eines der größten Triptychen seiner Zeit.
Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Nürnberg im Jahr 1496 geriet Stoß in Turbulenzen, unter anderem wurde er wegen Fälschung verurteilt, aber schließlich begnadigt. Seine späteren Werke, wie der "Tobias und der Engel", zeigen weiterhin sein außergewöhnliches Talent und wurden sogar von Kritikern wie Giorgio Vasari bewundert.
Für alle, die sich für die Kunst der Bildhauerei und die Geschichte der Renaissance interessieren, bieten die Werke von Stoß einen tiefen Einblick in die Kunst dieser Epoche. Seine Werke, die sich in verschiedenen Museen befinden, geben einen Einblick in eine entscheidende Zeit der Kunstgeschichte.
Jacob van der Heyden was a Flemish Baroque painter, sculptor and engraver. According to Houbraken he was a painter from Strasbourg who painted for royalty. According to the RKD he worked in Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Sweden. and was known for portraits, landscapes and historical allegories. Most of his work that survives today are engravings. He died in Brussels.