Symbolism Vienna Secession
Akseli Gallen-Kallela, born Axel Waldemar Gallén, is a Finnish artist of Swedish descent.
He studied at the Académie Julian in Paris, traveled to Africa, and later designed flags, coats of arms and uniforms for the army of independent Finland.
Akseli Gallen-Kallela is a representative of Finnish National Romanticism and Northern Art Nouveau painting from 1880-1910. In his work he used symbolism and artistic techniques of Art Nouveau style. The unvarnished depiction of disease, suffering and social hardship was part of the naturalistic conception of art that Gallen-Kallela followed from the beginning of his career. He frequently painted the harshness of life, often with elements of Christian symbolism.
Ferdinand Hodler was one of the best-known Swiss painters of the nineteenth century. His early works were portraits, landscapes, and genre paintings in a realistic style. Later, he adopted a personal form of symbolism which he called "parallelism".
Much of Hodler's work is in public collections in Switzerland. Other collections holding major works include the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the Art Institute of Chicago.
Gustav Klimt, an Austrian Symbolist painter, was a central figure in Vienna's Secession movement, known for his paintings, murals, sketches, and objets d'art. Born on July 14, 1862, in Baumgarten near Vienna, Klimt's early life was marked by financial hardship, but he showed artistic talent at a young age. He studied at Vienna's Kunstgewerbeschule, where he received a conservative education in architectural painting that influenced his early traditional works.
Klimt's path as an artist was evolutionary and controversial. Initially a successful painter of architectural decorations, his style evolved into a more personal and controversial form, especially after public criticism of his works for the Great Hall of the University of Vienna in 1900, which were deemed pornographic. This turning point led him to abandon public commissions and begin the so-called "golden period," characterized by the use of gold leaf in his work. Some of his most famous paintings, such as The Kiss and Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, which demonstrate a combination of Byzantine influence and modern symbolism, belong to this phase.
An important aspect of Klimt's career was his participation in the Vienna Secession, an art movement he co-founded in 1897. This movement, which had no manifesto, aimed to showcase unconventional artists and to bring foreign artistic influences to Vienna. Klimt was its first president and participated in the creation of the periodical Ver Sacrum.
Despite his artistic fame, Klimt led a relatively withdrawn lifestyle, often working alone and maintaining discreet personal relationships. Nevertheless, his legacy remains strong: his works fetch high prices at auction and continue to be celebrated for their innovative style and symbolic depth.
For collectors and art experts, Klimt's work represents a fascinating exploration of the evolution of Symbolism and Art Nouveau. His unique approach to form, color, and subject matter makes his work highly valued and constantly relevant in the art world.
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Fernand Khnopff, full name Fernand-Edmond-Jean-Marie Khnopff, was a Belgian Symbolist painter, graphic artist, sculptor and art historian.
Born into a wealthy family, Fernand attended the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Brussels, where he studied painting with Xavier Mellerie. Throughout his years at the academy, Khnopff spent summers in Paris studying art, and at the 1878 World's Fair he saw the works of Pre-Raphaelite Edward Burne-Jones and Symbolist Gustave Moreau, which had a decisive influence on his work.
In the early 1880s Khnopff began to exhibit his Symbolist works, often inspired by literary works, particularly by Gustave Flaubert. His paintings combined precise realism with an ethereal fairy-tale atmosphere, and he also painted portraits.
In 1883 Khnopff co-founded Les Vingt, a group of Belgian avant-garde artists. From the early 1990s, he collaborated regularly with the Brussels opera house Royal de la Monnaie, designing costumes and sets for many productions. He also designed the interiors of Brussels' landmark buildings: the Maison Stoclet and the Hôtel de Ville in Saint-Gilles.
Pierre Cécile Puvis de Chavannes, a prominent French painter, was known as "the painter for France." His influential mural paintings showcased a classicizing style, often referencing visions of Hellenistic Greece.
Puvis received numerous commissions for public and private institutions across France, with significant works in Amiens, Marseille, Lyon, Poitiers, and Paris. His success as a 'painter for France' stemmed from his ability to appeal to various ideologies of the time. In addition to murals, Puvis created easel paintings, some of which can be found in galleries worldwide. Despite his significance, he was not fully appreciated during his lifetime, and his work remains a subject of ongoing art criticism.
Egon Leo Adolf Ludwig Schiele, an Austrian Expressionist painter, is a figure whose work stands out for its raw intensity and exploration of sexuality, including a remarkable series of self-portraits that often featured nudity. Born in 1890 in Tulln, Lower Austria, Schiele's early life was marked by a fascination with trains and a troubled relationship with his family, especially following his father's death from syphilis when Schiele was just 15 years old. This event propelled him into the care of his uncle, who recognized Schiele's artistic talent despite his lack of interest in traditional academia, leading to Schiele's education at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.
Schiele's artistic journey was deeply influenced by his mentor Gustav Klimt, who introduced him to the Vienna Secession and the Wiener Werkstätte, enriching his art with elements of Art Nouveau and paving the way for his distinct style that evolved beyond the influence of his mentor. Schiele's art, characterized by its emotional and sexual honesty, utilized figural distortion to challenge conventional ideals of beauty, making his work groundbreaking for its time.
Throughout his career, Schiele focused on self-portraiture, the human body, and sexuality, often leading to controversy due to the explicit nature of his work. Despite his brief life, cut short by the Spanish flu in 1918 at the age of 28, Schiele's body of work left a lasting impact on the art world. His contributions are celebrated in numerous museums and galleries worldwide, with the Leopold Museum in Vienna housing the most extensive collection of his works, featuring over 43 paintings and 200 watercolors, drawings, and prints. Schiele's work remains influential, offering a stark, introspective look into the human condition and the existential crises of his time.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Schiele's work offers a profound exploration of expressionism, culture, and the avant-garde movements of early 20th-century Europe. His legacy is a testament to the power of art to challenge societal norms and to explore the depths of human emotion and sexuality.
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