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Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher, one of the founders of economic theory as a science.
After graduating from Balliol College at Oxford University, Smith in 1751 became Professor of Logic and then Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. And at the same time worked on publishing some of his lectures. His book The Theory of Moral Sentiments was published in 1759. As a philosopher, he wrote on a wide range of subjects: moral philosophy, jurisprudence, rhetoric and literature, and the history of science. He was one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Adam Smith also studied the social forces that give rise to competition, trade, and markets. On his trip to France, he met François Kenet and the Physiocrats.
In late 1763, Smith was given the position of tutor to the young Duke of Buccleugh and resigned his professorship. He began to socialize extensively with the intellectuals of his day, aristocrats and scholars, members of the government and representatives of big commerce, and gradually moved from philosophy to economics.
Adam Smith published his most important work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations), in 1776. It was the first major exposition of the theory of free trade, where the author advocates individual liberty and the accumulation of wealth, while strongly advocating moral justice and duty to society. He describes a system of natural liberty and justice that seeks to raise the standard of living of the general population by equating higher wages with a healthier and more productive labor force. He proves his belief that the limits to growth are political, not economic, and outlines the principles that should guide lawmakers. Smith also lays out a history of economic theory, a historical analysis of the wealth of nations, including China, and predictions for the future.
"The Wealth of Nations" was the first and still remains the most important book on political economy. And Adam Smith himself is considered the founder of classical political economy; he introduced the term "the invisible hand of the market." Although he did not use the word "capitalism", he is called the father of modern capitalism.
William Russell Flint was a Scottish artist and illustrator who was known especially for his watercolours of women. He also worked in oils, tempera, and printmaking.
Robert Louis Stevenson, born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson, was a Scottish poet and writer, a major exponent of Neo-Romanticism.
He began studying engineering at the University of Edinburgh, but later began to study law. However, he was fascinated by literature, and already during his studies the student printed in periodicals. Stevenson was an avid traveler and also published several books about his travels. In 1881, he began serializing pirate stories, which were formalized into a book, Treasure Island, in 1883. The book became an instant bestseller. Next were adventure novels "Kidnapped" (1886), "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (1886), "The Master of Ballantrae" (1889) and others, as well as many novels and short stories, ballads.
Robert Lewis Stevenson was very sickly from early childhood, and readers would not have guessed that he wrote his most exciting adventures while nearly bedridden. He died at the age of 44 from a cerebral hemorrhage. And Treasure Island remains one of the greatest and most popular adventure novels in the English language. It has been translated, reprinted and screened around the world many times.
Caroline Walker is a Scottish-born contemporary visual artist based in London. She is known for voyeuristic paintings of women working.
Douglas Gordon is a Scottish artist. He won the Turner Prize in 1996, the Premio 2000 at the 47th Venice Biennale in 1997 and the Hugo Boss Prize in 1998. He lives and works in Berlin, Germany.
Much of Gordon's work is seen as being about memory and uses repetition in various forms. He uses material from the public realm and also creates performance-based videos. His work often overturns traditional uses of video by playing with time elements and employing multiple monitors.
Caroline Walker is a Scottish-born contemporary visual artist based in London. She is known for voyeuristic paintings of women working.
Nigel Osborne is a British composer, educator and humanitarian activist.
He studied composition at Oxford and in Warsaw. In Poland he co-founded one of the first live electronic performance groups in Eastern Europe and worked in the Experimental Studio of Polish Radio, beginning a special relationship with electroacoustic music throughout Europe.
Nigel Osborne works extensively in long-term collaborative projects, for example with the Vienna 20jh Ensemble, the London Symphonietta, the Nash Ensemble, the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and others. Theater productions have always been an important area for him. Among the major works for the theater is an interesting opera "Electrification of the Soviet Union". His series of musical and dance collaborations - "Apollo in Despair", "Wilderness", "Zanza", "Mythologies", and in opera and musical theater - "Hell's Angels", "Faust" and others are known.
Osborne's major orchestral works include Symphony 1 for the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Sun of Venice for the Philharmonic Orchestra. Osborne is a full-time professor at the University of Edinburgh and an advisor to War Child, the charity responsible for the humanitarian aid program in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is generally known for his extensive charity work supporting children traumatized by war, particularly in the Balkans during the Bosnian War and in the Syrian conflict, using his own music therapy techniques.
Caroline Walker is a Scottish-born contemporary visual artist based in London. She is known for voyeuristic paintings of women working.
Caroline Walker is a Scottish-born contemporary visual artist based in London. She is known for voyeuristic paintings of women working.