the avens
Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.
In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian naturalist, physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher, and mathematician.
Using his own improved telescopes, Galileo Galilei observed the movements of the Moon, Earth's satellites, and the stars, making several breakthrough discoveries in astronomy. He was the first to see craters on the Moon, discovered sunspots and the rings of Saturn, and traced the phases of Venus. Galileo was a consistent and convinced supporter of the teachings of Copernicus and the heliocentric system of the world, for which he was subjected to the trial of the Inquisition.
Galileo is considered the founder of experimental and theoretical physics. He is also one of the founders of the principle of relativity in classical mechanics. Overall, the scientist had such a significant impact on the science of his time that he cannot be overemphasized.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian naturalist, physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher, and mathematician.
Using his own improved telescopes, Galileo Galilei observed the movements of the Moon, Earth's satellites, and the stars, making several breakthrough discoveries in astronomy. He was the first to see craters on the Moon, discovered sunspots and the rings of Saturn, and traced the phases of Venus. Galileo was a consistent and convinced supporter of the teachings of Copernicus and the heliocentric system of the world, for which he was subjected to the trial of the Inquisition.
Galileo is considered the founder of experimental and theoretical physics. He is also one of the founders of the principle of relativity in classical mechanics. Overall, the scientist had such a significant impact on the science of his time that he cannot be overemphasized.
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Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet was a British astronomer and son of the Uranus discoverer Wilhelm Herschel. He is credited with the first double star and nebula catalogues of the southern starry sky, which he observed during a five-year stay near Cape Town.
Christiaan Huygens van Zeelhem was a Dutch mechanic, physicist, mathematician, inventor and astronomer who formulated the wave theory of light.
An admirer of Descartes, Huygens preferred to conduct new experiments himself to observe and formulate laws. In physics, he contributed to the development of the crucial Huygens-Fresnel principle, which applies to wave propagation. He also extensively investigated free fall. He experimentally proved the law of conservation of momentum. He derived the law of centrifugal force for uniform circular motion.
He also invented the pendulum clock, discovered centrifugal force and the true shape of Saturn's rings as well as its moon Titan. Huygens is considered the first theoretical physicist to use formulas in physics and one of the founders of theoretical mechanics and probability theory.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius".
Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.
In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
Dorothea Margaret Tanning was an American surrealist painter, printmaker, sculptor, writer and poet.
In 1935 Dorothea came to New York and worked as an advertising artist until she was inspired by the paintings of the famous Surrealists at an exhibition. She began to paint and exhibit and made numerous acquaintances among contemporary artists. In 1946 she married the artist Max Ernst, and this marriage lasted 30 years. They lived in Paris for a long time, and after his death in 1976, she returned to New York.
As an artist, Dorothea Tanning was self-taught, and her style was constantly changing. At first close to surrealism, by the late 1960s her paintings had become almost entirely abstract. Among her artistic accomplishments are paintings, prints, sculpture, stage design, costume and set designs for ballets, and her work has been exhibited at the Guggenheim Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Tate Modern, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
In the late 1980s, Tanning began writing poetry, and her work has subsequently been published in various publications. Her first collection of poems, A Table of Content, was published in 2004. The multifaceted and versatile artist died in New York City at the age of 101.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
Oska Gutheil is a German painter. Oska Gutheil is regarded as a new star in the art world: galleries in metropolises such as New York, Berlin and Vienna are vying for the artist's pictures, who combine naïve painting with punk and comic elements. Oska Gutheil creates colourful, crazy worlds full of hybrid creatures – and with it his own biography.
