neo meaning
Ralf Winkler, alias A. R. Penck, was a German painter, printmaker, sculptor, and jazz drummer. A neo-expressionist, he became known for his visual style, reminiscent of the influence of primitive art.
Gabriele Falloppio was an Italian physician and anatomist of the Renaissance.
Originally a priest, Falloppio soon left for Ferrara to study medicine and was later appointed anatomy professor there, and in 1548 he became head of the anatomy department at Pisa. Three years later he accepted the offer of the Venetian Senate to become professor of anatomy, surgery, and botany at Padua, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was in this city that he made his most famous discoveries, was director of the famous botanical garden, and wrote two medical textbooks.
He also gained a reputation as an excellent teacher and lecturer, attracting many Italian and foreign students to the medical faculty of the University of Padua. As a physician, he made a thorough study of the clinical aspects and treatment of syphilis, and proposed the condom as a defense against venereal disease.
Falloppio was a versatile scientist and an able physician and surgeon, describing, among other things, the semicircular canals, the cuneiform sinuses, the trigeminal, auditory and lingual pharyngeal nerves, the canal of the facial nerve, and the fallopian tubes, named Fallopian tubes in his honor. Falloppio described his discoveries in his three-volume work Opera genuina omnia, published in Frankfurt in 1600 and in Venice in 1606.
Victor Brauner was a Romanian Surrealist painter and sculptor. He was born in Piatra Neamț, Romania, and studied at the School of Fine Arts in Bucharest before moving to Paris in 1930.
Brauner's art was heavily influenced by his interest in the occult, and his work often featured mystical and dreamlike imagery. He was particularly interested in alchemy and mythology, and his paintings often included references to ancient symbols and esoteric traditions.
During World War II, Brauner was forced to flee Paris and spent time in Marseille and Casablanca before returning to the city in 1945. After the war, he became involved in the French Surrealist movement, and his work was featured in several exhibitions, including the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme in 1947.
In addition to painting, Brauner also worked as a sculptor, and his sculptures often incorporated found objects and unconventional materials.
Today, Brauner is considered one of the most important figures of the Surrealist movement, and his work continues to be exhibited and studied around the world. His legacy has had a significant impact on the development of modern and contemporary art.
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and the founder of microbiology and vaccination.
Pasteur received a bachelor of arts and sciences from the Royal College of Besançon and a doctorate from the École Normale in Paris, then spent several years as a researcher and teacher at the Lycée de Dijon. In 1848 he became professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, and in the following year began to study the nature of wine fermentation, which began his revolutionary journey of most important scientific discoveries.
He invented a way to kill bacteria by boiling and then cooling the liquid, a process known today as pasteurization. Pasteur discovered the first vaccine in 1879 when he was exposed to a disease called chicken cholera. By accidentally exposing chickens to a weakened form of the culture, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur subsequently expanded his theory of germs and developed causes and vaccines against anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis, and smallpox, and the success of Pasteur's rabies vaccine in 1885 brought him worldwide fame.
Louis Pasteur's contribution to science, technology and medicine cannot be overemphasized. He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; invented the process of pasteurization; saved the brewing, wine and silk industries in France; developed vaccines against the dreaded diseases anthrax and rabies, which saved millions of lives.
In 1873, Pasteur was elected an associate member of the Academy of Medicine, in 1882 - a member of the French Academy, and in 1888 in Paris was opened the Pasteur Institute. He was also awarded France's highest honor, the Legion of Honor.
Pablo Ruiz Picasso, a Spanish artist renowned for his revolutionary contributions to the 20th-century art scene, is a figure that resonates profoundly with collectors and art experts. His unique blend of talents in painting, sculpture, printmaking, and ceramic art, infused with his time in France, positioned him as a pivotal character in modern art history.
Picasso's artistic journey was marked by distinct periods, each showcasing his evolving style and genius. His early years were characterized by the Blue Period (1901-1904), followed by the Rose Period (1904-1906), and then the African-influenced Period (1907-1909). Picasso's name is synonymous with Cubism, a movement he co-founded, which significantly altered artistic perspectives and methods. Works like "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (1907) and "Guernica" (1937) are emblematic of his cubist legacy, the latter being a poignant anti-war statement that remains influential.
His later years saw a return to more traditional styles, with neoclassical and surrealist influences becoming evident. Works from these phases reflect a deep engagement with mythological themes, as seen in "Faun with Stars" (1955), symbolizing his late-life romance with Jacqueline Roque, his second wife.
Picasso's prolific output and innovative spirit made him a legend in his own time, a status that only grew after his death. His works, housed in major museums and private collections worldwide, continue to captivate and inspire.
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René Magritte, a Belgian artist, was renowned for his significant contributions to the Surrealist movement. His art, known for merging ordinary objects with bizarre, dream-like contexts, captivated the art world. Born on November 21, 1898, in Lessines, Belgium, Magritte's early artistic pursuits were impressionistic, transitioning through Cubism and Futurism influenced by artists like Jean Metzinger. However, his encounter with Giorgio de Chirico's work in 1922 steered him towards Surrealism.
Magritte's career was marked by various phases, each showcasing his evolving style and thematic focus. His initial foray into Surrealism began in 1926 with "The Lost Jockey" and was further solidified during his time in Paris, where he mingled with other prominent Surrealists like André Breton. Despite facing initial criticism and financial challenges, Magritte's unique blend of familiar imagery in unfamiliar contexts, like in "The Empire of Light" and "Time Transfixed," earned him acclaim.
Magritte's distinct visual language, characterized by recurring motifs like bowler hats and apples, and his exploration of reality and illusion, remain influential. His works are displayed in major galleries worldwide, continuing to inspire and intrigue art collectors and enthusiasts.
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Jeffrey Lynn Koons is an American artist recognized for his work dealing with popular culture and his sculptures depicting everyday objects, including balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces. He lives and works in both New York City and his hometown of York, Pennsylvania. His works have sold for substantial sums, including at least two record auction prices for a work by a living artist: US$58.4 million for Balloon Dog (Orange) in 2013 and US$91.1 million for Rabbit in 2019.
Critics are sharply divided in their views of Koons. Some view his work as pioneering and of major art-historical importance. Others dismiss his work as kitsch, crass, and based on cynical self-merchandising. Koons has stated that there are no hidden meanings and critiques in his works.
Paul Gauguin, a French artist born in Paris in 1848, is renowned for his significant contributions to Post-Impressionism, Primitivism, and Synthetism. Gauguin's art is distinguished by his experimental use of color and style, which set him apart from the traditional Impressionist movement.
Gauguin's early life was marked by a period in Peru, which influenced his artistic perspective. Initially, he pursued a career in stockbroking but soon turned to art, driven by financial necessity and a growing passion. His artistic journey began under the mentorship of Impressionist artist Camille Pissarro and through exposure to the works of other avant-garde artists.
The hallmark of Gauguin's work is his exploration of non-Western cultures, particularly during his time in Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. This period saw the creation of some of his most famous works, including "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?" His paintings from this era, characterized by vivid colors and Symbolist themes, reflect a fusion of cultural influences and his quest for a "primitive" expression of spiritual and emotional states.
Despite his innovative style, Gauguin struggled with financial difficulties and health issues throughout his life. His work received little recognition during his lifetime, but posthumously, he gained acclaim for influencing modern artists like Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.
Today, Gauguin's works are celebrated in galleries and museums worldwide for their unique blend of cultural influences and artistic innovation. His enduring legacy is a testament to his unique vision and the profound impact he had on the art world.
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Henri Matisse, a renowned French visual artist, was celebrated for his vibrant use of color and fluid, original draughtsmanship. Born on December 31, 1869, in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France, Matisse initially pursued a career in law before turning to art. He first began painting in 1889, a change inspired by convalescence art supplies his mother provided. This marked the beginning of a journey that would see him become a leading figure in modern art.
Matisse's career is notable for its stylistic evolution yet consistent aim to capture the "essential character of things." His early works, characterized by intense colorism, earned him recognition as one of the Fauves, or "wild beasts." The period from 1908 to 1913 was marked by significant developments, with works like "Reclining Odalisque" and "The Red Studio" showcasing his mastery in balance and serenity. In the 1920s, his style evolved to more relaxed forms, with a focus on light, color, and decorative patterns in paintings like his odalisque series.
Matisse's exploration of various mediums, including sculpture and paper collage, reflects his innovative spirit. His later years were dominated by cut paper collages, as health challenges limited his ability to paint. These works, alongside his bold drawings and sculptures, cemented his status as a pioneer in visual art.
For collectors and art experts, Matisse's work remains a testament to creative evolution and expressive use of color and form. His masterpieces can be found in prominent museums and galleries worldwide, continuing to inspire and fascinate art enthusiasts.
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Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky, was an American visual artist who played a significant role in the Dada and Surrealist movements. His pioneering efforts in photography, alongside his work in painting and sculpture, have cemented his place as a major figure in modern art. Known for his innovative techniques and the ability to convey complex ideas through simple, striking visuals, Man Ray's contribution to the art world is profound.
Throughout his career, Man Ray was celebrated for his avant-garde approach and his ability to transcend traditional boundaries between different artistic mediums. His photography, characterized by experimental techniques such as solarization and rayographs (cameraless photographs), challenged conventional perceptions of photography as merely a means of representation. These artistic innovations made him a central figure in both Parisian and American art circles.
Man Ray's works are housed in some of the world's most prestigious museums and galleries, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. His pieces, such as "Le Violon d'Ingres" and "Noire et Blanche," are iconic images that continue to influence artists today. His ability to blend the abstract with the realistic, and the humorous with the serious, has left a lasting legacy in the world of art.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, the work of Man Ray offers a glimpse into the revolutionary changes that shaped the visual arts in the 20th century. His unique perspective and pioneering techniques continue to inspire and challenge those interested in the boundaries of creativity and expression.
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![[Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865)] – [Ferdinand von Hebra (1816-1880)]](/assets/image/picture_1385137/62781/acb8298a2e7ab20ee868282589ac8eff1618394400jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
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