Papal States (756-1870) 18th century
Filippo Bonanni or Buonanni was an Italian Jesuit scholar. His many works included treatises on fields ranging from anatomy to music. He created the earliest practical illustrated guide for shell collectors in 1681, for which he is considered a founder of conchology. He also published a study of lacquer that has been of lasting value since his death.
Asmus Jacob Carstens was a Danish-German painter of the late 18th century. He is known as a painter and draughtsman, a representative of classicism and romanticism.
Carstens produced famous narrative and historical paintings, including Plato's Symposium and The Battle of Rossbach, which brought him popularity. His famous huge painting The Fall of Angels, containing 200 figures, made him a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin. Carstens preferred pencil, chalk and watercolor, and worked with fresco, rarely using oil. Most of his large-scale projects have been left unfinished or lost. Many of his surviving works exist as drawings.
Johann Christian Reinhart was a German painter of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. He is known as a painter and printmaker who made a notable contribution to classicist landscape painting and romanticism in German art. His originality, according to critics, was expressed in new combinations of known styles, themes, and models.
Reinhart painted famous historical landscapes, including 8 paintings on the walls of the Villa Massimi in Rome. He also created some 170 prints, depicting animals, landscapes of Italy, scenes from his contemporary life, and historical events, including scenes from the life of St. Hubert, revered in Bavaria.