Third Intermediate Period

The Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, spanning from approximately 1070 to 664 BC, is a significant epoch in ancient Egyptian history. This period commenced following the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI, marking the end of the New Kingdom and leading to the division of Egypt. The country was split between the north, governed by the 21st Dynasty in Tanis, and the south, ruled by the Amun priests in Thebes. Despite earlier interpretations suggesting strife, recent studies depict the period as relatively stable, characterized by cooperation and tolerance rather than civil war or internal conflict​​.

Politically, this era was distinguished by the weakening of centralized power and the rise of local rulers. The 21st Dynasty, founded by Smendes, maintained the culture and integrated foreign customs, particularly from the Libyans, into Egyptian society. The period witnessed the acceptance of non-Egyptians in positions of power, a situation previously unthinkable in earlier Egyptian history​​.

Culturally, the Third Intermediate Period saw significant temple construction and artistic revival, particularly during Nubian rule. The Nubians, viewing themselves as restorers of true Egyptian traditions, contributed to the economic prosperity of Egypt. However, this period also faced threats from the Assyrian empire. After a period of relative security under Nubian control, an Assyrian invasion around 671 BC disrupted the peace and eventually terminated Nubian control over Egypt​​.

The era concluded with the foundation of the 26th Dynasty by Psamtik I in 664 BC, following the departure of the Nubian rulers of the 25th Dynasty after they were driven out by the Assyrians. This transition ushered in the Late Period of ancient Egyptian history​​​​.

For collectors and experts in art and antiques, the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt offers a rich field of study. This era's unique blend of cultural influences and political developments provides a fascinating backdrop for understanding the evolution of ancient Egyptian art, culture, and history.

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