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Abraham Ortelius (Ortels) was a Brabantian cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer. He is recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theatre of the World). Along with Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator, Ortelius is generally considered one of the founders of the Netherlandish school of cartography and geography. He was a notable figure of this school in its golden age (approximately 1570s–1670s) and an important geographer of Spain during the age of discovery. The publication of his atlas in 1570 is often considered as the official beginning of the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography. He was the first person proposing that the continents were joined before drifting to their present positions. Beginning as a map-engraver, in 1547 he entered the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as an illuminator of maps. In 1560 when travelling with Mercator to Trier, Lorraine, and Poitiers, he seems to have been attracted, largely by Mercator's influence, towards the career of a scientific geographer. In 1564 he published his first map, Typus Orbis Terrarum, an eight-leaved wall map of the world. On 20 May 1570, Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp issued Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the "first modern atlas" (of 53 maps).
Max Planck, full name Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, is a German theoretical physicist and the founder of quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
Planck made many discoveries in theoretical physics, but his quantum theory revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, just as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space and time. Together they represent the fundamental theories of 20th-century physics. They forced humanity to reconsider some philosophical beliefs and began to be applied to industry, including the military, affecting all aspects of modern human life.
Planck was one of the first scientists to realize the importance of Einstein's special theory of relativity, and his influence played a crucial role in its acceptance in Germany. As dean of the University of Berlin, he personally visited Einstein in Zurich in 1913 to persuade him to move to Berlin, which became his base for the next 20 years. Einstein's 1905 work on the photoelectric effect (for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize) is based on Planck's constant (h), the fundamental unit of quantum theory.
