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Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.
In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
David Wojnarowicz was an American artist known for his multifaceted work, which included painting, film, video, performance, writing, and music. His art often addressed themes such as society's fragmentation, consumerism, and the juxtaposition of natural and industrial landscapes. After being diagnosed with AIDS at 33, Wojnarowicz's work became more activist-oriented, focusing on his sexuality and his illness, as exemplified in his piece "Untitled," also known as "One Day This Kid".
David Wojnarowicz's childhood was tumultuous, marked by abuse and neglect, which profoundly influenced his later work. Despite dropping out, he eventually completed his high school education and immersed himself in New York's underground art scene. His art from the 1980s, particularly after the death of his mentor and close friend Peter Hujar, increasingly addressed AIDS and became more politically charged.
His legacy includes notable works like "A Fire in My Belly," which sparked controversy and highlighted the ongoing struggles of the LGBTQ+ community and those affected by AIDS. Wojnarowicz's work continues to inspire and provoke, as seen in exhibitions like the Whitney Museum's retrospective, "David Wojnarowicz: History Keeps Me Awake at Night," and his influence on various artists and cultural movements.
For those interested in exploring the depth and breadth of David Wojnarowicz's work, staying informed about upcoming exhibitions and available collections can provide valuable insights into his impactful legacy. Subscribing to updates from art galleries and museums that feature his work is an excellent way to stay connected to the evolving appreciation and interpretation of his art.
Josef Lorenzl was an Austrian sculptor and ceramicist of the Art Deco period, the same era as Ferdinand Preiss (1882–1943) and Demetre Chiparus (1886–1947).
Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.
His influence on the Latin language was immense. He wrote more than three-quarters of extant Latin literature that is known to have existed in his lifetime, and it has been said that subsequent prose was either a reaction against or a return to his style, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century. Cicero introduced into Latin the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary with neologisms such as evidentia, humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia, distinguishing himself as a translator and philosopher.
Alexander Wilson was a Scottish-born American naturalist, ornithologist, illustrator, and poet.
Wilson emigrated from Scotland to America in 1794, spent several years teaching in Philadelphia and New Jersey, and then became interested in studying native birds. He traveled extensively in the American wilderness and captured and studied over 300 different birds, including several previously unknown. He made his own drawings and detailed descriptions, supported by reading scientific literature.
The results of his research were published under the title American Ornithology in eight volumes beginning in 1808. The ninth volume was published after his death in August 1813. One of the first subscribers was President Thomas Jefferson. Alexander Wilson was a member of the Society of Artists of the United States and the American Philosophical Society. The Wilson Ornithological Society is named in his honor, and a monument is erected in Abbey Close, Paisley. Several species of birds are named in his honor.
Karl Bodmer was a Swiss-French printmaker, etcher, lithographer, zinc engraver, draughtsman, painter, illustrator and hunter.
