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William Shakespeare was a British poet and playwright and writer.
William's father, John Shakespeare, was a merchant and official in Stratford. There are reports that he was a sailor for a time before joining a theater company in London. Beginning in the 1590s, Shakespeare began writing plays, and in 1593 he published a poem, Venus and Adonis, which became popular. He dedicated it to the Duke of Southampton, who was a philanthropist and patron of talent, and soon his business was booming.
From 1592 to 1600 Shakespeare wrote his dramas and romantic comedies "Richard III", "The Taming of the Shrew", "Romeo and Juliet", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Merchant of Venice", as well as the comedies "Much Ado About Nothing", "Twelfth Night" and the tragedy "Julius Caesar". The playwright's business was so successful that he even bought a large house in Stratford. In 1599, Shakespeare became one of the owners, playwright and actor of the new theater "Globe". In 1603 King James took Shakespeare's troupe under his direct patronage. In the mature period, the great playwright turned to tragedies, there were "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth" and others.
Although in the 19th century researchers had some doubts about the authorship of many of these works, William Shakespeare is considered the greatest English playwright, one of the best playwrights in the world. His plays have been translated into all major languages and to this day form the basis of the world theatrical repertoire, most of them have been screened many times. According to the Guinness Book of Records, Shakespeare remains the world's best-selling playwright, and his plays and poems have sold more than 4 billion copies in the nearly 400 years since his death.
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Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (russian: Ива́н Ива́нович Ши́шкин), a Russian Artist, stood out in the 19th century for his mastery in landscape painting, immortalizing Russia's vast forests and nature through his precise and detailed work. His specialization in painting, coupled with a deep appreciation for his homeland's natural beauty, positioned him as a pivotal figure in Russian culture and art.
Shishkin's technique, characterized by its attention to detail and use of light, brought the Russian wilderness to life on canvas. His works, such as "Morning in a Pine Forest" and "The Rye Field," are celebrated for their realism and ability to evoke the spirit of Russia's landscapes. These paintings, held in prestigious museums like the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, serve not only as artistic achievements but also as cultural artifacts that offer insight into the Russian soul.
For art collectors and experts, Shishkin's oeuvre represents an intersection of artistic mastery and cultural heritage. His contributions to the world of painting continue to inspire and captivate audiences, making his works highly sought after in the realms of art collection and preservation.
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Francis Harry Compton Crick was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist and neuroscientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1962.
During World War II he had to work on developments for the military, and in 1947 he turned to biology at the Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge. In 1949 he moved to the University Medical Research Council at Cavendish Laboratories. Using X-ray diffraction studies of DNA by biophysicist Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004) and X-ray diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin, biophysicist James Watson and Crick were able to construct a molecular model consistent with the known physical and chemical properties of DNA.
This achievement became a cornerstone of genetics and was regarded as one of the most important discoveries of 20th century biology. In 1962, Francis Crick, along with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for determining the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical ultimately responsible for the hereditary control of life functions.
From 1977 until the end of his life, Crick served as professor emeritus at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, where he conducted research on the neurological basis of consciousness. He also wrote several books. In 1991, Francis Crick received the Order of Merit.
Katharina Grosse is a German artist. As an artist, Grosse's work employs a use of architecture, sculpture and painting. She is known for her large-scale, site-related installations to create immersive visual experiences. She has been using an industrial paint-sprayer to apply prismatic swaths of color to a variety of surfaces since the late 1990s, and often uses bright, unmixed sprayed-on acrylic paints to create both large-scale sculptural elements and smaller wall works.
Marilyn Monroe, born Norma Jeane Mortenson, baptized Norma Jeane Baker, is an American actress, singer and model.
Norma spent almost all of her childhood in foster homes and orphanages, and did not even graduate from high school. In 1945, at a military aircraft factory where she worked as a dyer, she was taking pictures of female employees for propaganda posters, which encouraged her to pursue a modeling career. Norma began appearing in commercials and men's magazines, and in 1946 contracted with Twentieth Century Fox movie studio as an extra. Then she also took the creative pseudonym Marilyn Monroe, combining the name of actress Marilyn Miller and her mother's maiden name.
She starred in small roles and studied acting. Marilyn Monroe got her first major role in the musical "The Lady of the Corps" (1948, directed by Phil Carlson), beginning to create her image of a charming blonde. The movie "Niagara" (1953) brought her fame as a sex symbol of Hollywood, and filmed in the same year the movie "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes," where she played the lead role, turned a spectacular beauty in the world star. In 1955, the actress created her own film company Marilyn Monroe Productions. And in 1959, the rental came Billy Wilder comedy "In Jazz Only Girls", later entered the classics of world cinema and received several awards, including "Oscar".
Throughout her career, the actress performed about 30 roles in various films. Her last work was the role of a female photographer in the unfinished movie George Cukor "Something Must Happen" (1962). On August 5, 1962, the actress was found dead in her home in Los Angeles, the official cause of death was given as an overdose of sleeping pills. She was only 36 years old.
Marilyn Monroe is a three-time Golden Globe Award winner. Her life is devoted to hundreds of books and documentaries, and created by her image of spectacular and sexy, but naive blonde is still popular in art, fashion and advertising. However, behind this brilliant screen image hid a sensitive and intelligent personality. Few people know that Marilyn loved to read and collected a rich library.
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American statesman and politician, the 40th President of the United States of America (1981-1989).
Michael Faraday was a British physicist and chemist, explorer and experimenter.
Faraday, because of his family's poverty, was unable to receive a formal education, but at the bookbinding shop in London where he worked, he read many books, including encyclopedias and textbooks on chemistry and physics. He persevered in self-education, attending hearings at the City Philosophical Society and later lectures by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution, who as a result took the able student on as an apprentice. In 1825 he replaced the seriously ill Davy in the management of the laboratory of the Royal Institution.
In 1833 Faraday was appointed to a research chair of chemistry created especially for him, where, among other achievements, the scientist liquefied various gases, including chlorine and carbon dioxide. His study of heating and lighting oils led to the discovery of benzene and other hydrocarbons, and he experimented extensively with various steel alloys and optical glasses. Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who presented his ideas in simple language. He is best known for his contributions to the understanding of electricity and electrochemistry. The concepts behind electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis were some of his most important discoveries. His electromagnetic research formed the basis of the electromagnetic equations that James Clerk Maxwell developed in the 1850s and 1860s.
Between 1831 and 1855, Faraday read a series of 30 papers before the Royal Society, which were published in his three-volume Experimental Investigations in Electricity. His bibliography numbers some 500 printed articles. By 1844 he had been elected a member of some 70 scientific societies, including the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.