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Theodor Schwann was a German cytologist, histologist and physiologist, author of the cell theory.
Schwann's most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Schwann extended Schleiden's theory of the cell as the basic unit of the plant world to animals. In 1839 Schwann published his seminal work on the general theory of the cell as the basis of life, Mikroskopische Untersuchungen ber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen ("Microscopic Investigations on the correspondence in the structure and growth of animals and plants"). Schwann's theory can thus be regarded as the progenitor of the school of mechanistic materialism in biology.
Schwann also studied the formation of yeast spores and concluded that the fermentation of sugar and starch was the result of life processes. He also introduced the term metabolism to describe the chemical changes that occur in living tissues, defined the role of microorganisms in putrefaction, and formulated the basic principles of embryology, noting that an egg is a single cell that eventually develops into a complete organism.
![[MARCHAND, Etienne (1755-1793)] and FLEURIEU, Charles Pierre Claret de (1738-1810).](/assets/image/picture_3615476/948e9/5adab94693e4ae36441ca19ea802e8991702422000jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[MARCHAND, Etienne (1755-1793)] and FLEURIEU, Charles Pierre Claret de (1738-1810).](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_3615476/948e9/5adab94693e4ae36441ca19ea802e8991702422000jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![AUBRY, [Charles] (fl. c. 1810-1840)](/assets/image/picture_2943100/b1a6f/64bae7b27c5cc87a8f6d6ba835ff61f41689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![AUBRY, [Charles] (fl. c. 1810-1840)](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_2943100/b1a6f/64bae7b27c5cc87a8f6d6ba835ff61f41689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Charles Aubry was a French painter, illustrator and caricaturist who worked in Saumur from 1810-1840.
From 1817. Aubry made drawings and illustrations of military costume. He was soon recognized as one of the best lithographers and draughtsmen of military scenes, showing a particular talent for depicting cavalry. Charles Aubry's colored lithographs were published in a publication on the uniforms of the Swiss Royal Guard (Collection des Uniforms de l'Armee Francaise, 1823), as well as caricatures in the Comic Album de Pathologie (1823).
In 1822 Charles Aubry was appointed professor of art at l'Ecole Militaire de Saumur.
Peter Simon Pállas was a German and Russian scientist-encyclopedist, naturalist and traveler, who gave almost all his life to the service of Russia.
The breadth of his scientific interests made him a true encyclopedist, but he was particularly interested in natural sciences. By the age of 25, Pallas had already acquired European fame as a major scientist-naturalist. At the same time he received an invitation from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, where he was offered a professorship. In 1767, Pallas arrived in St. Petersburg with his wife and soon led several important expeditions to Siberia and southern Russia. In his numerous ethnographic descriptions, the scientist was the first to report in detail on the Kalmyks, Tatars, Mordvins, Chuvashs, Nagaians, Tungus (Evenks), Votyaks (Udmurts), and Cheremis (Mari). In addition, he brought with him large natural-scientific collections. Later he traveled with scientific expeditions to Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Crimea and other previously unexplored lands.
In 1785 Catherine II attracted Pallas to the collection and comparative analysis of the languages of the peoples inhabiting America, Asia, Europe and Russia, and he compiled and published a comparative dictionary in two parts (1787-1789), in which more than 200 languages and dialects of the peoples of Asia and Europe were presented. In the last years of his life, among other things, Pallas was engaged in the preparation of a fundamental three-volume work on the fauna of Russia, Zoographia rosso-asiatica ("Russian-Asiatic Zoology"), in which more than 900 species of vertebrates, including 151 species of mammals, of which about 50 new species were introduced. This work was so extensive, and the descriptions of the animals were so thorough and detailed, that until the early 20th century the book remained the main source of knowledge about the fauna of Russia. In 1810. Peter Pallas went to Berlin to prepare illustrations for this work, but a year later the famous scientist died and was buried in Berlin.
A volcano in the Kuril Islands, a reef off New Guinea, and many animals and plants are named after Pallas.
![DREUX, Alfred de [Pierre-Alfred Dedreux] (1810-1860)](/assets/image/picture_2944038/98c26/de5eceedec9ee7244be9ba33f45b00c51689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![DREUX, Alfred de [Pierre-Alfred Dedreux] (1810-1860)](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_2944038/98c26/de5eceedec9ee7244be9ba33f45b00c51689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Alexandre Calame was a Swiss landscape painter, associated with the Düsseldorf School.
![[GRIMOD DE LA REYNIÈRE, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent (1758-1837)].](/assets/image/picture_2734961/a9983/04b428f443deb8cdd61c9e64233fdf791679526000jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[GRIMOD DE LA REYNIÈRE, Alexandre-Balthazar-Laurent (1758-1837)].](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_2734961/a9983/04b428f443deb8cdd61c9e64233fdf791679526000jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[JOLY, Adrien-Jean-Baptiste (1772-1839)]](/assets/image/picture_2943159/d6fa8/aecf20a2ba08d349aa3b0ab10cedeaa71689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[JOLY, Adrien-Jean-Baptiste (1772-1839)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_2943159/d6fa8/aecf20a2ba08d349aa3b0ab10cedeaa71689199200jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Robert Salomon Gessner is a Swiss abstractionist artist and graphic designer.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer who discovered that the Earth and planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
Kepler created the three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He also did seminal work in optics and geometry, calculated the most accurate astronomical tables, and made many inventions and discoveries in physics on which further scientific discoveries by advanced scientists were based.
