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Armand Pierre Fernandez, widely known by his mononym Arman, was a French-born American artist celebrated for his innovative contributions to the Nouveau Réalisme movement and his radical use of everyday objects in art. Born in Nice, France, on November 17, 1928, Arman's early exposure to art came from his father, an antiques dealer and amateur artist, which deeply influenced his later artistic endeavors.
Arman moved beyond traditional painting techniques early in his career, instead creating his signature "Accumulations" and "Poubelles" (trash) sculptures. These works involved assembling and compacting everyday items like watches, clocks, and even automobiles, embedding these objects in layers of concrete or encasing them in Plexiglas. One of his most notable large-scale works is "Long Term Parking," a 60-foot high sculpture made of concrete-encased cars, situated in Jouy-en-Josas, France.
His work is an essential bridge between European and American trends in Pop art and has been widely exhibited in major institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Tate Gallery in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Arman's innovative techniques and philosophical approach to materials challenged conventional categorizations of art and inspired future generations of artists.
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Luigi Caccia Dominioni was an Italian architect and furniture designer.
Julia Evelina Smith was an American translator and linguist and suffragist.
Julia Smith grew up on a wealthy farm in Connecticut with four sisters who were active in favor of women's education, abolition, and suffrage. Julia began studying biblical Greek in 1843, as well as Latin and Hebrew, to make a literal translation of the Bible and to clarify the predictions of Christ's resurrection in 1844. After reading the Bible in its original languages, she set about creating her own translation, which she completed in 1855.
The work is a strictly literal translation: a Greek or Hebrew word is always translated by the same word wherever possible. It was not until 21 years later, in 1876, that Julia Smith finally achieved publication at her own expense. This edition was the first complete translation of the Bible by a woman. By the time she was 84 years old, Julia Smith was still successful as a linguist and also as an activist for women's suffrage.