denis diderot (1713 - 1784)
Voltaire, born François Marie Arouet, was a French philosopher-enlightener of the French Enlightenment, poet and writer, satirist, tragedian, historian and essayist.
Voltaire's long life fell on the last years of classicism and the eve of the revolutionary era, and in this transitional period his works and activities had a significant impact on the direction of European civilization. Through his critical freethinking and wit, Voltaire won the minds of many 18th century European rulers. To this day, he continues to enjoy worldwide fame as a courageous fighter against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty.
Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and separation of church and state. He was a versatile and prolific writer in all literary forms, including plays, poems, novels, essays, histories, and scholarly expositions. In total, he wrote more than 20,000 letters and 2,000 books and pamphlets. Voltaire's most famous works are the tragic play Zaire, the historical study The Age of Louis XIV, and the satirical novella Candide.
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Dmitry Grigoryevich Levitzky (Russian: Дмитрий Григорьевич Левицкий) was an acclaimed Ukrainian-Russian portrait painter and academician born in May 1735, renowned for his exceptional contributions to the art of the 18th century. Originating from a family deeply rooted in the Ukrainian noble-priestly class, Levitzky's early exposure to art came from his father, Grigory Kirillovich Levitsky, a priest and an enthusiast in painting and engraving. This familial influence laid the foundation for Levitzky's artistic journey, which began in earnest when he assisted the prominent painter Alexey Antropov in Kiev, leading to his eventual move to Saint Petersburg.
Levitzky's rise to fame was marked by his unique ability to capture the essence of his subjects, combining exceptional technique with a fresh approach to portrait painting. His most notable works include portraits of significant figures from the Russian elite, such as Catherine II as the Legislatress in the Temple of the Goddess of Justice and portraits of the Smolny Institute's young ladies. Despite the grandeur and recognition that these works brought him, Levitzky faced financial struggles, spending his final years in poverty, a testament to the often-precarious nature of artistic acclaim.
His legacy, which had waned by the 19th century, was revitalized in the 20th century by art historian Alexander Benois, who positioned Levitzky among the pantheon of European Enlightenment artists. Levitzky's work is celebrated for its technical mastery and unique contribution to Russian and European portraiture, leaving an indelible mark on the artistic landscape of his time.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Levitzky's paintings are not just artistic achievements but also historical narratives captured in oil, reflecting the complex socio-cultural dynamics of 18th-century Russia. His portraits, housed in prestigious museums and galleries worldwide, continue to be studied and admired for their elegance, detail, and historical significance.
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Jean Siméon Chardin was an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life, and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work.
