Kingdom of Prussia 19th century
Hermann Anschütz was a German painter of the 19th century. He is known as a painter and teacher who belonged to the Düsseldorf School of painting. He was a professor at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.
Anschütz painted mythological and historical subjects, as well as landscapes and portraits. A number of his canvases were devoted to oriental themes. In 1860 he was one of the founders of the Munich Christian Art Association.
Carl Daniel David Friedrich Bach was a German artist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Baroque period. He is known as a painter, graphic artist and printmaker.
Bach worked in the historical genre, was a portraitist, animalist, created canvases on allegorical subjects in the spirit of his era. In his works he combined elements of baroque and classicism. The artist often worked in the etching needle technique.
Baron Eben, full name Christian Adolph Frederick d'Eben, was a Prussian officer and artist.
Baron Eben, descended from an old Prussian family in Silesia, entered the English service in 1800 and served in the 10th Regiment of the Prince of Wales's Light Dragoons. By order of the Prince of Wales, he created a company of light cavalry in the manner of the Hungarian Hussars, composed of foreigners. He also made original drawings, which, in the form of bright aquatints by the engraver Nicholas Heideloff, were included in a 29-page manual entitled "Remarks on the Organization and Present State of the Swedish Army". Eben dedicated this work to the Prince of Wales.
Hiob Carl Oscar Begas was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a portraitist, landscape painter, historian, teacher, son of the painter Carl Begas, brother of the sculptors and painters Carl, Rheingold and Adalbert Begas.
Oscar Begas was the author of portraits of many prominent German and foreign statesmen and military figures, representatives of science and culture. Becoming a popular painter, he received many orders from King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia. According to critics, more than in commissioned portraits, Begas's painterly skill was demonstrated in his atmospheric winter and autumn landscapes, on which the master concentrated towards the end of his life.
Albert Bierstadt, a German-American painter, became renowned for his expansive and romanticized landscapes of the American West. Born in Solingen, Germany, in 1830, Bierstadt moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, at the age of two with his family. Largely self-taught, he initially worked as a drawing teacher before traveling to Europe to hone his skills. Bierstadt's European studies, particularly in Düsseldorf, greatly influenced his artistic style, equipping him with the techniques that he would later apply to his majestic depictions of the American wilderness.
Bierstadt's first major expedition to the West in 1859 marked the beginning of his lifelong fascination with the region. His works from this period, such as "The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak" (1863), captured the public imagination and established him as a leading figure in the Hudson River School. These paintings were celebrated for their detailed and idealized portrayal of the rugged landscapes and played a role in shaping the perception of the American West during a time of rapid territorial expansion and exploration.
Despite his success, Bierstadt's style fell out of favor towards the end of his career as tastes shifted towards realism and Impressionism. His later works, including "The Last of the Buffalo" (1888), were criticized for their perceived theatricality and excessive romanticism. Bierstadt's popularity waned, and he faced financial difficulties, but his legacy experienced a resurgence in the mid-20th century as interest in his technique and contributions to American art history grew.
For collectors and enthusiasts of American landscape painting, Bierstadt’s works offer a vivid, albeit embellished, glimpse into the 19th-century frontier spirit. His paintings are housed in major institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Art, serving as testaments to his skill and vision.
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Georg Bleibtreu was a German painter of the second half of the 19th century. He is known as a historical painter, famous for his battle paintings.
Georg Bleibtreu is considered a representative of the Dusseldorf school of art. Critics have noted his realistic conscientiousness and meticulous attention to detail in his paintings.
Friedrich Boser, full name Karl Friedrich Adolf Boser was a German genre painter and portrait painter of the Düsseldorf school.
Friedrich Boser first studied painting at the art academies in Dresden and Berlin, from 1837 he attended the 2nd class of historical painting at the Düsseldorf Academy of Arts. From 1841 to 1843 he studied genre and portrait painting there, which he has been mainly engaged in ever since.
Friedrich Boser paid great attention to the subtlety of painting and the detailed study of objects. He also tried his hand at literary subjects.
Julius Bretz was a German painter of the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter and graphic artist, a painter of landscapes and floral still lifes, a representative of the Düsseldorf and Hague Schools.
Julius Bretz was one of the four founders of the Düsseldorf art association Sonderbund and a founder of the Rhine Secession. He was also a member of the artist association "Malkasten" and a member of the Cologne and Bonn artist associations.
Bretz's paintings can be seen today in art museums in Bonn, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Wuppertal, Zurich and other cities
Georg Burmester was a German artist of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. He is known as a painter, graphic artist, impressionist, representative of the Düsseldorf art school, and teacher.
Burmester worked mainly in the genres of landscape and marinas, but among his works there are also still lifes, as well as works in the genre of nude. He was a teacher at the Kassel Art School from 1912 to 1930 and was promoted to the rank of professor in 1917.
Heinrich Deiters was a German painter of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. He is known as a landscape painter, a representative of the Düsseldorf school of painting.
In search of nature for his landscapes, Heinrich Deiters traveled extensively in Holland, Belgium, France and southern Germany. His paintings, according to critics, were marked by an "intimate, poetic mood with vivid colors," the artist was most famous for reflecting "the charm of the Westphalian forests."
Deiters held leadership positions in the General German Art Community, the Düsseldorf Artists' Club and the Malkasten Artists' Society, also based in Düsseldorf.
Ludwig Elsholtz was a German painter of the first half of the 19th century. He is known as a battle painter.
Elsholtz began his career with genre paintings, mostly battle scenes, which attracted attention with the artist's excellent observation and exquisite execution. Later he moved on to creating larger and more imaginative images. When the master had health problems, he turned to watercolor painting. He became famous for his large-scale canvases with battle scenes, such as "The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig" and "The Battle of Waterloo". In addition to battle scenes, Elsholtz also created genre paintings.
Hermann Wilhelm Benjamin Eschke was a German painter of the second half of the 19th century. He is known as a marine painter.
Hermann Eschke began his career by traveling through southern France and the Pyrenees, after which he became a free-lance artist, creating sketches and designs while traveling in Europe. In collaboration with his son Richard Eschke, the master created murals and dioramas, including works for the Imperial Panorama in Berlin. His contribution to art was recognized with honors and medals, including the title of "Royal Professor" and the gold medal of the Berlin Artists' Association.
Paul Franz Flickel was a German painter of the last third of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a landscape painter.
Flickel painted landscapes in Germany, Austria and Italy. In Germany, he chose the nature of the Baltic coast, the island of Rügen, the Harz mountains and the groves of Brandenburg. Flickel's most expressive works are Italian landscapes, the coloring of which was given by the bright southern sun and lush Mediterranean vegetation.
In 1892 he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts and in 1894 a professor of art.
Conrad Freyberg was a German artist of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter and sculptor.
Freyberg specialized in equestrian portraits and group portraits of horsemen, combining realistic likeness with delicate rendering. Inspired by the wars of 1866 and 1870-1871, the artist created battle paintings, including The Battle of Sadov and The Battle of Skalica. He later became a portrait painter and also worked in the genres of historical painting, animalistic painting and sports scenes. For his achievements, he received the title of court painter. The master was one of the creators of the bronze monument to Prince Albrecht of Prussia in Berlin's Charlottenburg district in 1901.
Johann Philipp Eduard Gaertner was a German painter of the second quarter of the 19th century, the Biedermeier era. He is known as a landscape painter, famous for his views of Berlin and other cities.
Eduard Gaertner created many architectural landscapes of Berlin, as well as St. Petersburg and Moscow during his travels to Russia. The value of these works is that they documented the appearance of the cities on the eve of the age of photography. Gaertner's painting style underwent a change after the death of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, his patron. In keeping with the cultural attitudes of Prussia's new ruler, the artist began to paint more romantic and idealized landscapes in which architecture played a decorative role.
Janus Genelli was a German painter of the late 18th and early 19th centuries of Italian origin. He is known as a landscape painter and is considered a representative of classicism.
Genelli was famous for his idealistic depiction of nature, especially the Harz region and its mountains. From 1803, he became an art teacher to Queen Louise of Prussia and her son, Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm. Although Genelli's work is little known today, he was considered a genius in his day and his work was highly regarded by his contemporaries. His son Bonaventura Genelli also became a renowned painter and graphic artist.
Ida Gerhardi was a German artist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She is known as a painter, representative of classical modernism.
Ida Gerhardi at the beginning of her career worked mainly in the genre of landscape, was an adherent of the Barbizon school of painting. Later she began to specialize in portraits, then switched to marine subjects, and in the last years of her life she created still lifes and genre paintings. Beginning in 1900, she was strongly influenced by the Post-Impressionists and Fauvists, and from 1911 by Rhenish Expressionism.
Gustav Graef was a German painter of the second half of the 19th century. He is known as a painter who specialized in historical and portrait painting.
Graef was commissioned early in his career to create murals for the New Museum in Berlin. One of his famous works was the giant monumental canvas "Charlemagne Adopts Vidukind". The artist also created scenes from the tales of Hercules and Theseus for the Old Museum in Berlin. Then in his genre paintings he moved from mythology to modern history. The master later concentrated on portrait painting, creating idealized female portraits that brought him commercial success. In 1880, at the height of his fame, Graef became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts.
Johann Peter Hasenclever was a German painter of the first half of the 19th century. He is known as a painter, a representative of the Düsseldorf school of art, who is considered one of the founders of German genre painting.
Hasenclever began his work by interpreting biblical, mythological and romantic subjects, but eventually found his calling in humorous scenes from bourgeois life, especially Pyrenean towns and cities. Among his famous works are "The Amusing Examination," "The Reading Room," and "The Trial of Wine," distributed in engravings and lithographs.
Johann Heinrich Hintze was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a master of landscape and architectural painting and is considered one of the leading German architectural painters of his time.
Heinrich Hintze was commissioned by the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in the early 1820s, then concentrated on architectural landscapes of Berlin and its environs. His artistic legacy includes landscapes and architectural views from Holstein, the Alps, Vienna, Prague and elsewhere. The master paid special attention to cityscapes, using both oil and watercolor.
Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Theodor Kaulbach was a German painter of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter, portraitist and teacher.
Kaulbach became court painter of Hanover and professor at the University of Hanover in 1856. His fame came in particular from his portraits of King George V. Kaulbach's portraits were popular with the local aristocracy. They were rich in detail and reflected the theatricality and frivolous elegance of the time. The master was particularly successful in his portraits of women. His son, Friedrich August Kaulbach, also became a famous artist.
Carl Friedrich August von Kloeber was a German painter of the first half of the 19th century. He is known as a painter and teacher, a member of the Berlin Academy of Arts.
August Kloeber preferred to use motifs from mythology in his works, which distinguished him from many German artists of the time. He also created paintings on religious and historical subjects. He also painted portraits, and his models included members of Beethoven's family. Kloeber received commissions from the Prussian royal family and worked on the painting of castles, churches, and other sites. He also designed porcelain, jewelry, and medals.
Hugo Knorr was a German painter of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter, graphic artist and teacher.
Hugo Knorr specialized in landscapes, including marine landscapes. His oil paintings often depicted the Norwegian coastline in different seasons and with different moods. He is also known for his chalk and charcoal drawings used to illustrate literary works, including works by Tegner and Veitbrecht. Knorr taught at the Polytechnic Institute in Karlsruhe from 1873.
Max Koner was a German painter of the late 19th century. He is known as a portrait painter.
Max Koner began his career with landscapes, but then switched to figure painting and especially portraits. He painted more than 100 portraits, including thirty portraits of Kaiser Wilhelm II. His clients were not only the imperial court, but also other aristocratic families, famous artists, scholars and the elite of Berlin society. Koner was one of the most sought-after artists of his time and received design commissions from Stolwerk, a chocolate manufacturer in Cologne.
Friedrich Johannes (Hans) Kugler was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a landscape and portrait painter.
Kugler is known for his genre (including children's and group) portraits and rural landscapes. He studied at the Grand Ducal Saxon Art School in Weimar under Arnold Böcklin. The artist suffered from a chronic illness and lived only 33 years. His works were auctioned 18 times in the painting category.
Wilhelm Maria Hubertus Leibl was a German painter of the last third of the 19th century. He is known as a painter, a representative of German realism, who specialized in portraits and scenes of peasant life.
Leibl created paintings that were characterized by the absence of idylls, showing a person without embellishments. After 1890, his painting became richer in detail and approached Impressionism, but retained the materiality of the images. The artist mostly painted pictures, working without preliminary drawing, which also related him to the Impressionists. His unique style brought him recognition among his contemporaries, he was recognized as an outstanding master and became the leader of the group of artists "Leibl circle".
Reinhold Ludwig Richard Lepsius was a German painter of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter, graphic artist, portraitist, representative of the Berlin Secession and German Impressionism.
Lepsius was one of the first artists who used photography to create portraits. The master became famous for his portraits of famous personalities such as archaeologist Ernst Curtius, philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey and poet Stefan Gheorghe. His membership in the German Artists Association strengthened his position on the art scene. Unfortunately, many of his works were lost during World War II.
Sabine Lepsius was a German painter of the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. She is known as a painter, portraitist, representative of realism.
Sabine Lepsius was the wife of portrait painter Reingold Lepsius and together with him was a popular artist of his time. Her salon in Berlin was a famous meeting place for many artists and writers. She was also one of the founders of the Berlin Secession and exhibited with it until 1913.
Only a small part of Lepsius' oeuvre has survived: most of the 280 portraits she created depicting members of the Jewish community were lost or destroyed during World War II.
August Robert Ludwig Macke was a German Expressionist painter, celebrated for his vibrant use of color and innovative artistic techniques. Born in 1887 in Meschede, Germany, Macke played a pivotal role in the German Expressionist movement and was a founding member of Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) group. His work is characterized by a blend of Impressionism, Post-impressionism, and Fauvism, marked by an expressive use of color and form to convey emotions and moods rather than realistic depictions.
Macke's artistic journey was significantly influenced by his travels and encounters with other artists. His first trip to Paris in 1907 introduced him to Impressionism, and his subsequent time in Berlin and interactions with artists like Lovis Corinth further shaped his style. A key turning point in his career was his meeting with Robert Delaunay in Paris in 1912, which introduced him to chromatic Cubism, or Orphism, influencing his work thereafter, such as in "Shops Windows," which reflects Delaunay's impact combined with elements of Italian Futurism. Macke's travels to Tunisia in 1914 with Paul Klee and Louis Moilliet were instrumental in developing the luminist approach of his final period, producing masterpieces like "Türkisches Café."
Macke's contributions to art extend beyond his paintings; he was actively involved in the art community, establishing networks with other modernist artists across Europe. His collaboration with artists like Franz Marc and his role in organizing avant-garde art exhibitions helped promote modernist movements in Germany and beyond. Unfortunately, Macke's promising career was cut short when he was killed in action in 1914 during the First World War.
Macke's works are housed in prestigious museums and galleries worldwide, including the Sprengel Museum in Hanover, Museum Ludwig in Cologne, Städel Museum, and Museum Kunstpalast. His paintings, such as "Lady in a Green Jacket" and "Promenade," continue to be celebrated for their innovative approach to color and composition, leaving a lasting impact on the art world.
For art collectors and experts, Macke's oeuvre offers a fascinating insight into the evolution of early 20th-century European art, showcasing the intersections of cultural influences and artistic innovation. His works not only reflect the artistic movements of his time but also his personal explorations and responses to the world around him.
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Eduard Friedrich Pape was a distinguished German painter and known for his contributions to theatre, decorative, and landscape painting. He honed his skills at the Berlin Academy, studying under Carl Blechen and Wilhelm Schirmer from 1839 to 1843, while also working in Johann Gerst's studio, a renowned theatre and decorative painter. Eduard Friedrich Pape's journey took him to Tyrol, Switzerland, and Italy in 1845, enriching his experience and artistic repertoire.
His talent led to his involvement in decorating Berlin's Neue Museum between 1849 and 1853, after which he was honored with the title of a royal professor and membership at the Berlin Academy in 1853. However, Eduard Friedrich Pape's career faced challenges due to severe illness in 1857, which long hindered his ability to paint. Despite these obstacles, he continued his artistic endeavors until old age, when he struggled with eye problems and was nearly blind by the time of his death in 1905.
Eduard Friedrich Pape's legacy is reflected in his artworks, which have been recognized and appreciated in various auctions, demonstrating his lasting impact on the art world. His works provide a window into 19th-century German art, particularly in landscape and decorative painting, making him a significant figure for collectors and art enthusiasts.
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Gustav Karl Ludwig Richter was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a historical painter and portraitist.
Gustav Richter created his first significant work, The Resurrection of Jairus' Daughter, in 1856. This painting was a great success, as it was one of the first attempts to realistically interpret biblical subjects. In the same year, the artist presented to the public the first portrait of his work, which immediately brought him a reputation as a talented portraitist. His best portraits were dedicated to Sultan Abdul-Mejid, the Duchess of Edinburgh, Emperor William I, Empress Augusta and Queen Louise. In his works, in addition to portraits, Richter concentrated on depicting individual figures. Among his famous works in this genre are "Egyptian Woman", "Odalisque" and "Crimean Gypsy Woman".
Carl Röchling was a German painter and illustrator known for his depictions of military and military-historical subjects. He gained fame for his portrayals of battle scenes, particularly those depicting Prussian army victories during the Franco-Prussian War.
Röchling collaborated with other artists such as Georg Koch and Eugen Bracht on projects like the panorama of the Battle of Chattanooga. He also worked alongside Richard Knötel and Woldemar Friedrich, illustrating popular children's books such as "Der Alte Fritz in 50 Bildern für Jung und Alt" (1895) and "Die Königin Luise in 50 Bildern für Jung und Alt" (1896).
Severin Roesen was a Prussian-American painter known for his abundant fruit and flower still lifes, and is today recognized as one of the major American painters in that genre from the nineteenth century.
While Roesen's paintings reveal a meticulous attention to detail in their precise arrangements and close brushwork, his subject matter, even down to specific motifs, did not change throughout his career. Sometimes he made near-identical copies of paintings, but usually he merely rearranged and reassembled stock elements.
Karl Ludwig Rosenfelder was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a painter, graphic artist, educator, and philosopher.
Rosenfelder specialized in religious and historical paintings, including large-scale paintings of medieval subjects. He also participated in the creation of wall paintings at the University of Königsberg, which earned him an honorary doctorate.
Rosenfelder was one of the founders of the Association of Berlin Artists in 1841, and in 1845 he became the founder and director of the Königsberg Art Academy, a position he held until 1874.
Max Schlichting was a German impressionist painter, father of the famous marinist Waldemar Schlichting. He studied painting at the Prussian Academy of Arts and the Académie Julian in Paris.
Max Schlichting also worked as a professor and art official. He is known for his French subjects and his depictions of landscapes in Flanders and the Netherlands. Schlichting was a member of the Berlin Association of Artists and the Berlin Secession.
Julius Paul Schmidt-Felling was a German sculptor who worked during the mid-to-late 19th century and early 20th century. The subject matter of his work was wide and varied. He produced, among others, bronze statues of heroic warriors, athletes, blacksmiths, and farmers. A number of his sculptures of young children were in the Dutch colonial style, some being whimsical in nature.
Paul Alfred Schroeter or Schröter was a German painter and etcher. He became a member of the Munich Secession and participated in their first exhibition of 1894. From 1898 to 1901, he lived in Hamburg where he became a co-founder of the Hamburgischer Künstlerklub. Many of his works are in private collections. Most of the others were destroyed during World War II.
Johann Karl Schultz was a German painter, graphic artist, and teacher.
Schultz was educated at the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts and specialized in depicting architectural structures. He painted the interior and exterior views of cathedrals and other architectural monuments with great technical skill and care.
Franz Wenzel Schwarz was a German-Bohemian painter of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a portrait painter, master of historical genre and glass artist.
Schwarz created many portraits of churchmen, scholars, high officials, major businessmen, as well as children and women. He also created many religious paintings and stained glass windows for churches. He was a member of the Society of Artists of Vienna and other artistic associations. In the later part of his career, Schwarz concentrated on creating genre and portrait paintings, selling them to various countries, including America and Russia. Between 1912 and 1918, he copied paintings from the Old Masters Picture Gallery in Dresden.
Felix Schadow was a German painter of the mid-nineteenth century. He is known as a portrait painter and genre painter, the son of the sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow and half-brother of the painter Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow.
Felix Schadow studied in Dresden, where he created his first known painting, Christ and Mary and Martha. After his father's death in 1850, he decorated the walls of his studio in his parents' reconstructed home with a cycle of frescoes depicting his father's life. The master's famous works include paintings such as "Joseph and his brothers reunited in Egypt," "The Engagement of Mary and Joseph," and "The Family Before the Burning Ruins."
Carl Constantin Heinrich Steffeck was a German painter of the second half of the nineteenth century. He is known as a painter, graphic artist, animalist and portraitist.
Carl Steffeck was particularly famous for his depictions of horses and dogs. He studied art in Berlin, Paris and Italy. Returning to Germany, the artist painted scenes of hunting and animals, sometimes turning to the historical genre. His large historical canvas "Albrecht Achilles in the struggle with Nuremberg for the standard" in 1864 acquired the National Gallery of Berlin. From the 1850s, Steffeck began teaching, earned the title of professor at the Berlin Academy of Arts and became rector of the Königsberg Academy of Arts in 1880.
Paul Thumann was a German painter of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known as a portrait painter and book illustrator.
Paul Thumann created drawings that decorated the works of famous authors such as Goethe, Tennyson, Chamisso, Gamerling and Heine. According to critics, his illustrations were characterized by elegance and subtlety of lines, expressiveness of human and poetic images. Stylistically, the master's works approached Art Nouveau, popular at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Thumann also created paintings on historical, religious and mythological themes.
Philipp Veit was a German painter of the 19th century. He is known as a painter and draughtsman, a representative of Romanticism, a member of the Nazarene group and is considered one of the best colorists among the representatives of this movement. His merits include the fact that he revived the almost forgotten technique of fresco painting.
Veit in his works sought to reflect the ethical and artistic ideals of the German and Italian Renaissance. He actively used the language of medieval symbols, advocating the revival of religious art. His works were distinguished by elaborate composition, monumental images, elegant drawing and contrasting color combinations. In his later works, the artist, influenced by French painting, switched to a more restrained palette.
Hugo Vogel was a German painter of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He is known as a painter, author of historical paintings and portraits.
Vogel created historical and genre paintings in the style of the latest colorists. He was also the author of monumental frescoes on historical themes for the magistrates' halls in Berlin, Hamburg and Merseburg. Portraits, including of prominent German scientists, writers and political figures, occupy a special place in his oeuvre. There are streets in Magdeburg, Berlin and Merseburg named after this artist.
Peter Joseph von Cornelius was a German painter of the first half of the 19th century. He is known as a painter, draftsman, teacher, and representative of Romanticism.
Von Cornelius was one of the founders of the Nazarene society in Rome and sought to revitalize and modernize German fresco painting. He led the fresco decoration work in Munich and the Ludwigskirche, and was also involved in the design of murals for the Berlin cemetery. The art school founded by Cornelius revitalized mural painting in Germany and influenced other European countries. In addition to monumental works, the artist also created illustrations for literary works including Faust and The Song of the Nibelungs.
Leopold Karl Walter Graf von Kalckreuth was a German painter of the late nineteenth and first third of the twentieth centuries. He is known as a painter and graphic artist of realistic direction.
Leopold von Kalckreuth was engaged in portrait, genre and landscape painting. He is considered an important representative of the pleiad of artists who determined the development of German painting in the second half of the XIX century and at the turn of the century.
Von Kalckreuth was one of the founders of the Stuttgart Artists' Association, the oldest surviving artists' association in Germany, and of the Artists' Association of Silesia in Breslau.
Johann Peter von Langer was a German painter of the last quarter of the eighteenth and first quarter of the nineteenth centuries. He is known as an academic painter, draughtsman and printmaker, as well as a teacher.
Von Langer painted religious and historical paintings and portraits, as well as graphic illustrations. Many of his drawings and engravings are preserved in the State Graphic Collection in Munich. Langer was the director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. In 1808 he received the title of Bavarian nobility. The master's contribution to art was also recognized in the Netherlands, where he was accepted as a member of the Royal Academy.
Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel was a German Realist artist noted for drawings, etchings, and paintings. Along with Caspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German painters of the 19th century, and was the most successful artist of his era in Germany. First known as Adolph Menzel, he was knighted in 1898 and changed his name to Adolph von Menzel.
His popularity in his native country, owing especially to his history paintings, was such that few of his major paintings left Germany, as many were quickly acquired by museums in Berlin. Menzel's graphic work (and especially his drawings) were more widely disseminated; these, along with informal paintings not initially intended for display, have largely accounted for his posthumous reputation.
Samuel Thomas von Soemmering was a German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist, physiologist and inventor.
He studied medicine at Göttingen, where he received his doctorate, and in the same year became professor of anatomy at Kassel, then at Mainz. Among Soemmering's contributions to biology are the discovery of the macula in the retina of the human eye, studies of the brain, lungs, nervous system, and embryonic malformations, and he published many papers in the fields of neuroanatomy, anthropology, and paleontology. He was the first to give a reasonably accurate account of the structure of the female skeleton.
Soemmering also worked on fossil crocodiles and pterodactyls, which at the time were called ornithocephalians. In addition, Soemmering dabbled in chemistry, astronomy, philosophy, and various other fields of science. Among other things, he investigated the refinement of wines and sunspots, and designed a telescope for astronomical observations. In 1809, Soemmering developed a sophisticated telegraph system based on electrochemical current, which is now preserved in the German Science Museum in Munich.
Anton Alexander von Werner, a German painter, was celebrated for his historical paintings that captured key political and military events of Prussia. His works are notable for their depiction of significant moments such as the proclamation of the German Empire at the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, in 1871. This particular painting marked a turning point in his career, earning him acclaim and establishing his reputation as a leading historical painter of his time.
Von Werner's art was deeply influenced by his experiences during the Franco-Prussian War, where he served in an unofficial capacity alongside the 3rd Army Corps. His firsthand observations of war and its leaders, such as Bismarck and Moltke, enriched his paintings with authenticity and emotional depth.
As the director of the Berlin Academy from 1875 until his death in 1915, Werner played a crucial role in shaping German art education and had the opportunity to tutor German Emperor William II in painting. His works, including commissioned pieces for the Victory Column and other public monuments in Berlin, often utilized innovative techniques such as stained glass mosaics.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Werner's paintings are significant not only for their artistic quality but also for their historical portrayal of the Wilhelmine Period in Germany. His works continue to be appreciated in exhibitions and collections globally.
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Friedrich Georg Weitsch was a German painter of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He is known as a painter and printmaker.
Weitsch created landscapes, historical and religious subjects, but a special place in his work was occupied by portraits of aristocrats, as well as ordinary people. His works are in various museums, including the Braunschweig City Museum, the Braunschweig Land Museum, and the Duke Anton Ulrich Museum of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.