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Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and politician, the 16th President of the United States (March 4, 1861 - April 15, 1865).
The son of a frontiersman and a Kentucky farmer, Lincoln worked hard from an early age and struggled to learn. He was a militiaman in the Indian War, practiced law, and sat in the Illinois legislature for eight years. He was an opponent of slavery and gradually gained a national reputation that earned him victory in the 1860 presidential election.
After becoming the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln turned the Republican Party into a strong national organization. In addition, he drew most Northern Democrats to the Union side. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared permanently free those slaves who were in Confederate territory. Lincoln considered secession illegal and was prepared to use force to defend federal law and the Union. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy, but four remained in the Union, and the Civil War of 1861-1865 began.
Lincoln personally directed the military action that led to victory over the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln was reelected in 1864, and on April 14, 1865, he was fatally shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by actor John Wilkes Booth.
Abraham Lincoln is a national hero of the American people, he is considered one of the best and most famous presidents of the United States until today.
Henry Raeburn was a Scottish portrait painter. He served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland.
John Constable was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home — now known as "Constable Country" — which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".
George Gershwin, born Jacob Gershwin, is an American composer and pianist.
George's parents emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1891, and he was about 12 years old at the piano, becoming virtually self-taught. Gershwin published his first song in 1916, but it was Swanee, written by a 20-year-old Gershwin in 1918, that made him famous. The income he received for it allowed Gershwin to concentrate on musical theater. In the 1920s, however, George, along with his older brother Ira, were major songwriters and hit songwriters on Broadway. The lyrics for all of Gershwin's films were written by Ira Gershwin, as were the lyrics for most of his musicals, although early in his career Gershwin worked with other lyric writers, including Irving Caesar and Buddy De Silva.
The Gershwin brothers' first Broadway hit was the song Lady Be Good in 1924. In his songs, Broadway shows, and movie scores, composer George Gershwin achieved unprecedented success with his masterful mastery of jazz, classical, and popular music styles. These include "Rhapsody in Blue" in 1924, "Concerto in F" in 1925, "An American in Paris" in 1928, and "Second Rhapsody" in 1931. Between 1919 and 1935. Gershwin wrote music for 31 musicals, one of which - Of Thee I Sing - in 1932 became the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for Dramaturgy. Gershwin's songs have also been used in numerous films and award-winning musicals over the years.
The opera Porgy and Bess, co-written with Dubose, Dorothy Hayward, and Ira Gershwin, was the Gershwin brothers' most ambitious project, combining memorable songs with drama. It was first performed in Boston in 1935 and was made into a movie in 1959.
In 1937, at the age of only 39, the brilliant composer died of a brain tumor. George Gershwin was at the height of his career, leaving a significant and lasting mark on the world of classical music. Today, his orchestral works are performed by most of the world's prestigious symphony orchestras. Ira Gershwin, who was two years older, lived 46 years after George's death.
Gustave Moreau was a French artist and an important figure in the Symbolist movement. Jean Cassou called him "the Symbolist painter par excellence". He was an influential forerunner of symbolism in the visual arts in the 1860s, and at the height of the symbolist movement in the 1890s, he was among the most significant painters.
Peter Paul Rubens was a distinguished Flemish Baroque painter, renowned for his dynamic, vibrant, and sensuous paintings. Born on June 28, 1577, in Siegen, Westphalia, Germany, Rubens' family moved back to Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) after his father's death. He was raised in his mother’s Roman Catholic faith and received a classical education. He began his artistic training in 1591 and later traveled to Italy, where he was profoundly influenced by Renaissance masters like Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese. This experience significantly shaped his artistic style.
Rubens' art is celebrated for its emphasis on movement, color, and sensuality. He was particularly skilled in depicting religious and mythological scenes, portraits, and landscapes. Some of his notable works include "The Descent from the Cross" and "The Raising of the Cross," which are prime examples of Baroque religious art, showcasing his unique style that blended influences from Italian Renaissance and his own innovations.
Rubens was not just a painter but also a diplomat, serving at various European courts. He was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England. His diplomatic missions often intertwined with his artistic endeavors, as seen during his travels to Spain and Italy. In addition to painting, he was involved in designing tapestries, prints, and book title-pages. He ran a large workshop in Antwerp, producing works that were popular with nobility and art collectors across Europe. His studio was in his home, the Rubenshuis, now a museum.
His influence extended to his students, notably Anthony van Dyck, and his collaborative works with other artists like Jan Brueghel the Elder. Rubens' work continued to be celebrated for its vitality and influence on the Baroque style, making him one of the most influential artists of his time.
For those interested in the work and life of Peter Paul Rubens, many of his works can be found in museums and galleries worldwide, including the National Gallery in London, which houses several of his paintings like "A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning" and "Minerva protects Pax from Mars ('Peace and War')".
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Paul Gauguin, a French artist born in Paris in 1848, is renowned for his significant contributions to Post-Impressionism, Primitivism, and Synthetism. Gauguin's art is distinguished by his experimental use of color and style, which set him apart from the traditional Impressionist movement.
Gauguin's early life was marked by a period in Peru, which influenced his artistic perspective. Initially, he pursued a career in stockbroking but soon turned to art, driven by financial necessity and a growing passion. His artistic journey began under the mentorship of Impressionist artist Camille Pissarro and through exposure to the works of other avant-garde artists.
The hallmark of Gauguin's work is his exploration of non-Western cultures, particularly during his time in Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. This period saw the creation of some of his most famous works, including "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?" His paintings from this era, characterized by vivid colors and Symbolist themes, reflect a fusion of cultural influences and his quest for a "primitive" expression of spiritual and emotional states.
Despite his innovative style, Gauguin struggled with financial difficulties and health issues throughout his life. His work received little recognition during his lifetime, but posthumously, he gained acclaim for influencing modern artists like Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.
Today, Gauguin's works are celebrated in galleries and museums worldwide for their unique blend of cultural influences and artistic innovation. His enduring legacy is a testament to his unique vision and the profound impact he had on the art world.
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Jules Pascin, born Julius Mordecai Pincas, was a Bulgarian-born American painter and draftsman. He studied art in Vienna, Munich, and Paris, where he settled in 1905.
Pascin became known for his portraits and nudes, which often featured elongated figures and fluid lines. He was also noted for his use of watercolors and his depictions of Parisian nightlife, cafes, and brothels. His work was influenced by the Fauvists and the German Expressionists.
Pascin was a member of the Montparnasse artistic community in Paris, and he was friends with many of the leading artists and writers of the day, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Ernest Hemingway. He was married twice, but his personal life was marked by numerous affairs and a struggle with alcoholism.
His work is held in many major collections, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Art Institute of Chicago.
Hendrick Avercamp was a seminal Dutch painter during the Dutch Golden Age. He is celebrated as one of the earliest landscape painters of the 17th-century Dutch school, specializing in vibrant winter scenes of the Netherlands. His paintings are filled with colorful and lively depictions of people engaging in various activities against the backdrop of the Dutch winter landscape.
Educated by the Danish-born portrait painter Pieter Isaacsz, Hendrick Avercamp's work reflects a strong influence from the Flemish painting tradition, especially evident in the landscapes reminiscent of Pieter Bruegel the Elder. His technique of aerial perspective, where objects in the foreground are painted with richer colors than those in the distance, creates a remarkable impression of depth in his paintings.
Hendrick Avercamp's most ambitious and acclaimed work, 'Winter Landscape with Ice Skaters', painted around 1608, is a detailed panorama of human and animal activities during a harsh winter. This painting, along with others like 'Winter Landscape with a Frozen River and Figures' and 'Winter Landscape with Skates and People Playing Golf', showcase his knack for narrative, capturing various facets of 17th-century Dutch society enjoying the winter season.
Despite being mute and probably deaf, Hendrick Avercamp's keen observation skills are evident in his works, where he intricately portrays diverse classes engaging in various winter activities. He produced about a hundred paintings, many of which can be seen in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the Mauritshuis in The Hague. His work was also celebrated for its historical quality, providing a glimpse into the life of different societal levels in the Netherlands at that time.
For collectors and enthusiasts of art and antiques, Hendrick Avercamp's paintings offer a fascinating window into the Dutch Golden Age, with their vivid portrayal of life and activities in a winter setting. His works, characterized by meticulous detail and a cheerful narrative, remain an integral part of the conversation in the history of Dutch art.
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Paul Gavarni, real name Hippolyte Sulpice Guillaume Chevalier, was a French painter, cartoonist, illustrator, and a prominent 19th-century satirist.
Beginning his career as an assistant engineer, he showed signs of his future genius in the late 1820s as a fashion designer and illustrator. His talent for caricature and satirical art, however, led him to the editorship of Les Gens du Monde in 1835. Paul Gavarni, one of the smartest caricaturists, had no equal in drawing, capturing the follies and foibles of his time. He developed close friendships with many other leading artists and contemporary writers, including Honoré Balzac, Charles Dickens and William Maykpis Thackeray. His work was collected by Queen Victoria, as well as by Edgar Degas and Vincent van Gogh.
Gavarnie's long association with the popular magazine Le Charivari, with which Dumier and other cartoonists of the time also collaborated, was the pinnacle of his career. Working continuously from 1838 to 1844, he produced more than 900 engravings illustrating secular Parisian life with great wit, charm, and satire. He also illustrated the novels of Balzac and Eugène Sue and the short stories of Hoffmann. In addition to satirical works, Gavarni also distinguished himself in portraiture and sketches.
But it was not only in social circles that Gavarni revolved, where he was admired. In 1847 he spent a year in London, painting the inhabitants of the poor quarters around Whitechapel and producing some of his best work there.
