metaphysical
Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, renowned for his profound impact on Western philosophy and science. Born in Stagira, Chalcidice, Aristotle's intellectual ventures spanned a multitude of subjects, including but not limited to physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology.
Educated in Plato's Academy in Athens, Aristotle distinguished himself as a scholar of vast knowledge and influence. His foundational works laid the groundwork for the development of modern science, while his teachings on logic and the syllogistic method continue to resonate in the realm of philosophy. As the tutor of Alexander the Great and the founder of the Lyceum in Athens, Aristotle's legacy extends beyond his prolific writings, with his teachings shaping medieval scholarship and influencing both Judeo-Islamic and Christian theologies.
Among Aristotle's notable works, his treatises such as "Nicomachean Ethics," "Politics," "Metaphysics," and "Poetics" have been studied for centuries. His concept of the "Golden Mean," advocating for a balanced and moderate approach to life, remains a cornerstone of ethical philosophy. His ideas on the "Prime Mover" and empirical evidence as a basis for understanding the world laid the foundation for scientific inquiry. Although only about a third of his original output has survived, Aristotle's contributions continue to be a subject of academic study and admiration.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, the philosophical and scientific principles of Aristotle's works are not just historical artifacts but living ideas that continue to shape our understanding of the world and our place within it. His insights into the "good life" and the pursuit of happiness are as relevant today as they were in ancient Greece.
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Moïse Kisling was a Polish-born French painter renowned for his contributions to modern art, particularly his highly stylized and evocative portraits. Born in Kraków in 1891, Kisling moved to Paris at the age of 19, quickly immersing himself in the vibrant artistic community of Montmartre and Montparnasse. His work, characterized by bold colors and dynamic compositions, spans a variety of themes, including landscapes, still lifes, and nudes, reflecting influences from Cubism and Post-Impressionism.
Kisling's artistry is celebrated for its unique blend of realism and abstraction, marked by a fluid, colorful style that evolved from his early influences, including Cezanne and Cubism. He was a central figure in the School of Paris, engaging with contemporaries such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Amedeo Modigliani, the latter of whom he shared a close friendship and mutual artistic admiration. Modigliani's portraits of Kisling underscore their deep personal and professional bond. Notable works by Kisling include "La Sieste à Saint-Tropez," "Portrait du peintre (Autoportrait)," and "Le pêcheur," showcasing his versatility and skill in capturing the essence of his subjects.
During World War II, Kisling's Jewish heritage forced him to flee to the United States, where he continued to exhibit his work in New York City and California before returning to France after the war. His legacy is preserved in numerous public collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, and the Brooklyn Museum, among others. This wide recognition attests to his significant impact on the development of modern art.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Kisling's work represents a pivotal intersection of cultural and artistic movements of the early 20th century. His paintings are not only visually stunning but also historically significant, embodying the spirit of an era marked by innovation and experimentation. The Musée du Petit Palais in Geneva holds a large collection of his works, offering a comprehensive overview of his artistic journey.
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Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico, an Italian artist renowned for his profound influence on the Surrealist movement, stands as a seminal figure in 20th-century art. Born in Volos, Greece, in 1888, de Chirico was a visionary painter, sculptor, and writer whose works profoundly altered the landscape of modern art. His paintings, characterized by their dreamlike quality, enigmatic compositions, and the juxtaposition of classical and modern elements, delve into the mysteries of the subconscious, exploring themes of nostalgia, metaphysics, and the uncanny.
De Chirico's art is distinguished by its unique blend of classical motifs with surreal, dreamlike atmospheres, creating a sense of profound mystery and unease. His most famous works, such as "The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon" and "The Melancholy of Departure," exhibit deserted cityscapes filled with elongated shadows, enigmatic figures, and classical architecture, which became hallmarks of his style. These paintings not only prefigured the Surrealist movement but also influenced countless artists with their exploration of the psyche, the distortion of space, and the play of light and shadow.
His impact on culture and art is undeniable, with his works housed in prestigious museums and galleries worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Tate Modern in London. De Chirico's ability to evoke the mysterious interconnection between the ancient and the modern through his art continues to captivate collectors and experts in the fields of art and antiques. His innovative approach to painting and sculpture has solidified his position as a key figure in the development of modern art.
For collectors and enthusiasts keen on exploring the depths of 20th-century art and the enigmatic world of Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico, staying informed about new discoveries, auction events, and sales of his works is essential. We invite you to sign up for updates to ensure you never miss an opportunity to engage with the enduring legacy of this remarkable Artist. This subscription is your gateway to the latest news related to de Chirico, focusing exclusively on product sales and auction events associated with his influential oeuvre.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer who discovered that the Earth and planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
Kepler created the three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He also did seminal work in optics and geometry, calculated the most accurate astronomical tables, and made many inventions and discoveries in physics on which further scientific discoveries by advanced scientists were based.
Gonzalo Fonseca was a Uruguayan artist known for his stone sculpting. He originally studied to be an architect at the University of Montevideo, but discovered modern art in 1942 after working in the Taller Torres-Garcia workshop. He studied painting in the workshop until 1949, and became interested in pre-Columbian art during that time. Fonseca is frequently associated with the movement Universal Constructivism.
Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet, a pioneering French painter and sculptor, revolutionized the post-war art scene with his radical Matterism movement. He defied the conventional aesthetics of his time, championing "low art" and propelling a more genuine, humanistic image-making approach.
Dubuffet, born in Le Havre, France, in 1901, was a prominent figure at the Ecole de Paris and an advocate for Art Brut, or "raw art", which sought to capture art's purest form. His works were characterized by a rough, unrefined aesthetic, which eschewed academic norms in favor of spontaneity and authenticity.
Art enthusiasts and experts can view Dubuffet's innovative works at institutions like the Museum of Modern Art, where his legacy as a groundbreaking artist continues to be celebrated. His Matterism philosophy has left an indelible mark on the art world, inspiring generations of artists to embrace the beauty in the unconventional.
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Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik) was a Polish and German scientist, astronomer, mathematician, mechanic, economist, and Renaissance canonist. He was the author of the heliocentric system of the world, which initiated the first scientific revolution.
Copernicus studied the humanities, including astronomy and astrology, at the University of Krakow and at the University of Bologna in Italy. Together with other astronomers, including Domenico Maria de Novara (1454-1504), he was engaged in observing the stars and planets, recording their movements and eclipses. At the time, medicine was closely related to astrology, as the stars were believed to influence the human body, and Copernicus also studied medicine at the University of Padua between 1501 and 1503.
Nicolaus Copernicus, based on his knowledge and observations, was the first to suggest that the Earth is a planet that not only revolves around the sun every year, but also rotates once a day on its axis. This was in the early 16th century when people believed the Earth to be the center of the universe. The scientist also suggested that the Earth's rotation explained the rising and setting of the Sun, the movement of the stars, and that the cycle of the seasons was caused by the Earth's rotation around itself. Finally, he correctly concluded that the Earth's motion in space causes the planets to move backwards across the night sky, the so-called retrograde direction.
Although Copernicus' model was not completely correct, it laid a solid foundation for future scientists, such as Galileo, who developed and improved mankind's understanding of the motion of celestial bodies. Copernicus completed the first manuscript of his book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres) in 1532. In it, the astronomer outlined his model of the solar system and the paths of the planets. However, he published the book only in 1543, just two months before his death, and dedicated it to Pope Paul III. Perhaps for this reason, and also because the subject matter was too difficult to understand, but the church did not finally ban the book until 1616.
Filippo de Pisis, actually Luigi Filippo Tibertelli was an Italian painter, graphic artist, writer and poet close to the school of metaphysical painting. From 1914 he studied at the University of Bologna, where he studied literature and philosophy.
Filippo de Pisis was a painter of the Italian Novecento. He is considered a representative of Italian futurism in painting. His work is post-impressionist and partly expressive.
Willem de Kooning was a Dutch-American abstract expressionist painter. Born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, he moved to the United States in 1926, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1962. He was a leading figure in the Abstract Expressionism movement, known for his dramatic and often energetic style. He gained prominence between 1948 and 1953, creating some of his most iconic works, including the Woman series.
De Kooning's paintings combined abstraction with elements of Cubism, Surrealism, and Expressionism. His style evolved over time, with works that ranged from figurative to more abstract pieces. Among his most notable works are "Woman I" (1950-52) and "Excavation" (1950), which reflect his unique approach to painting, characterized by vigorous brushstrokes, bold colors, and complex textures.
Despite his success, de Kooning faced challenges, including personal struggles with alcoholism and deteriorating health due to Alzheimer's disease in his later years. His artwork has had a lasting impact on modern art, and his pieces can be found in major museums and galleries worldwide, such as the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
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Athanasius Kircher was a German scholar, inventor, professor of mathematics and oriental studies, and a friar of the Jesuit order.
Kircher knew Greek and Hebrew, did scientific and humanities research in Germany, and was ordained in Mainz in 1628. During the Thirty Years' War he was forced to flee to Rome, where he remained for most of his life, serving as a kind of intellectual and information center for cultural and scientific information drawn not only from European sources but also from an extensive network of Jesuit missionaries. He was particularly interested in ancient Egypt and attempted to decipher hieroglyphics and other riddles. Kircher also compiled A Description of the Chinese Empire (1667), which was long one of the most influential books that shaped the European view of China.
A renowned polymath, Kircher conducted scholarly research in a variety of disciplines, including geography, astronomy, mathematics, languages, medicine, and music. He wrote some 44 books, and more than 2,000 of his manuscripts and letters have survived. He also assembled one of the first natural history collections.
Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, professor, and the founder of analytical psychology.
He studied at the University of Zurich and conducted many studies in scientific psychology and psychiatry. From 1907 to 1912, Jung was a close associate of Sigmund Freud, but later they had serious disagreements and parted ways.
Carl Jung proposed and developed the concepts of extraverted and introverted personality, archetypes and the collective unconscious. He introduced the term "collective unconscious" as a part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is unaware, common to humanity as a whole and deriving from inherited brain structure. It differs from the personal unconscious, which arises from the experience of the individual. According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains archetypes, or universal primordial images and ideas.
Historical research helped Jung pioneer psychotherapy for middle-aged and elderly people, especially those who felt their lives had lost meaning. He helped them appreciate the place of their lives in the sequence of history. Jung devoted many years of his life to developing his ideas, especially those concerning the relationship between psychology and religion. His work had a significant impact on psychiatry and the study of religion, literature, and related fields.
Paul Nash was a British surrealist painter and war artist, as well as a photographer, writer and designer of applied art. Nash was among the most important landscape artists of the first half of the twentieth century. He played a key role in the development of Modernism in English art.
Ilya Iosifovich Kabakov (Russian: Илья́ Ио́сифович Кабако́в) was a seminal Russian-American conceptual artist, celebrated for his profound contributions to the art world, particularly through installations that critically examined Soviet life and the broader themes of human existence. Born on September 30, 1933, in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Kabakov's early life during the tumultuous World War II era and subsequent education at the V.I. Surikov State Art Institute in Moscow shaped his perspective and artistic expression. His nuanced critiques of the Soviet regime, combined with his exploration of utopian projects—including capitalism—through his art, positioned him as a pivotal figure in the dialogue between Eastern and Western artistic traditions.
Kabakov's partnership with Emilia Kanevsky, who later became his wife, led to a dynamic collaboration that spanned decades, producing influential exhibitions globally, including notable showcases at the Documenta in 1992, the Venice Biennale in 1993, and the Tate Modern in 2017. Their work is characterized by the use of fictional narratives, which often drew upon Kabakov's personal experiences to explore the life cycle of the Soviet Union, positioning it not merely as a failed socialist experiment but as one among many utopian visions susceptible to the authoritarian will to power.
Throughout his career, Kabakov never shied away from the complexity of the human condition, as evidenced by his installations like "The Man Who Flew Into Space From His Apartment" and "The Toilet," which resonate with viewers for their depth and the universality of their themes. His artworks are part of the collections of prestigious institutions such as the Museum of Modern Art, the Centre Pompidou, and the State Hermitage Museum, underscoring his significant impact and enduring legacy in the art world.
Kabakov's death on May 27, 2023, at the age of 89, marked the end of a prolific career that left an indelible mark on the landscape of conceptual art. His work continues to inspire and provoke thought, bridging the gap between personal narrative and global history, and inviting viewers to reconsider their perspectives on society, history, and the role of art in reflecting and shaping human experience.
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René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist who is considered the founder of modern philosophy.
Descartes was a very versatile scientist: besides numerous philosophical reflections, he wrote works on optics, meteorology and geometry. Contemporaries noted his extensive knowledge in many sciences. Descartes owns the famous saying "I think, therefore I exist" (best known in the Latin formulation "Cogito, ergo sum", although it was originally written in French: "Je pense, donc je suis").
He developed a metaphysical dualism that radically distinguished between mind, whose essence is thought, and matter, whose essence is extension in three dimensions. Descartes' metaphysics is rationalistic, based on the postulation of innate ideas of mind, matter, and God, but his physics and physiology, based on sense experience, are mechanistic and empirical.
Unlike his scientific predecessors, who felt a holy awe at the incomprehensibility of the divine essence of the universe, Descartes admired the ability of the human mind to understand the cosmos and to generate happiness itself, and rejected the view that human beings were inherently unhappy and sinful. He believed that it was inappropriate to pray to God to change the state of things and the world; it was much more productive to change oneself.
Emily Young is a sculptor, who has been called «Britain's greatest living stone sculptor». She was born in London into a family of artists, writers and politicians. She currently divides her time between studios in London and Italy.
Benedictus Spinoza (Spanish: Baruj Espinosa) at birth Baruch Spinoza is a Dutch philosopher-rationalist of Jewish origin, a bright representative of the Age of Enlightenment.
Spinoza was born into a family of Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, who converted to Christianity but returned to Judaism. As a young man, he was considered an outstanding Talmudic scholar and a promising religious scholar. But, inspired by the philosophical writings of René Descartes and Francis Bacon, the young philosopher soon fell outside the orthodox tradition because of his radical views. In 1656 he was severely excommunicated for heresy.
For the rest of his life, Spinoza spent his modest life grinding lenses and privately teaching philosophy, but he also wrote anonymously published philosophical treatises and secretly exchanged letters with many philosophically inclined luminaries of the wider European Enlightenment. Spinoza's only book, published in 1663 in Amsterdam under his own name, was Renati Des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae Pars I, & II, More Geometrico demonstrate (Principles of Cartesian Philosophy). These principles served as a preparatory work for many metaphysical views in his most important treatise, Ethics (1677).
Benedict Spinoza defended the philosophical life from religious persecution and advocated a new, liberal, democratic regime to support that life. Although Spinoza was often persecuted as an atheist in his time, his writings played an important role in shaping philosophy, theology, and politics in the centuries to come. Of all the philosophers of the seventeenth century, Spinoza is one of the most relevant today.
Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico, an Italian artist renowned for his profound influence on the Surrealist movement, stands as a seminal figure in 20th-century art. Born in Volos, Greece, in 1888, de Chirico was a visionary painter, sculptor, and writer whose works profoundly altered the landscape of modern art. His paintings, characterized by their dreamlike quality, enigmatic compositions, and the juxtaposition of classical and modern elements, delve into the mysteries of the subconscious, exploring themes of nostalgia, metaphysics, and the uncanny.
De Chirico's art is distinguished by its unique blend of classical motifs with surreal, dreamlike atmospheres, creating a sense of profound mystery and unease. His most famous works, such as "The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon" and "The Melancholy of Departure," exhibit deserted cityscapes filled with elongated shadows, enigmatic figures, and classical architecture, which became hallmarks of his style. These paintings not only prefigured the Surrealist movement but also influenced countless artists with their exploration of the psyche, the distortion of space, and the play of light and shadow.
His impact on culture and art is undeniable, with his works housed in prestigious museums and galleries worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Tate Modern in London. De Chirico's ability to evoke the mysterious interconnection between the ancient and the modern through his art continues to captivate collectors and experts in the fields of art and antiques. His innovative approach to painting and sculpture has solidified his position as a key figure in the development of modern art.
For collectors and enthusiasts keen on exploring the depths of 20th-century art and the enigmatic world of Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico, staying informed about new discoveries, auction events, and sales of his works is essential. We invite you to sign up for updates to ensure you never miss an opportunity to engage with the enduring legacy of this remarkable Artist. This subscription is your gateway to the latest news related to de Chirico, focusing exclusively on product sales and auction events associated with his influential oeuvre.
Ida Kerkovius was a Baltic German painter and weaver from Latvia.
