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William Shakespeare was a British poet and playwright and writer.
William's father, John Shakespeare, was a merchant and official in Stratford. There are reports that he was a sailor for a time before joining a theater company in London. Beginning in the 1590s, Shakespeare began writing plays, and in 1593 he published a poem, Venus and Adonis, which became popular. He dedicated it to the Duke of Southampton, who was a philanthropist and patron of talent, and soon his business was booming.
From 1592 to 1600 Shakespeare wrote his dramas and romantic comedies "Richard III", "The Taming of the Shrew", "Romeo and Juliet", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Merchant of Venice", as well as the comedies "Much Ado About Nothing", "Twelfth Night" and the tragedy "Julius Caesar". The playwright's business was so successful that he even bought a large house in Stratford. In 1599, Shakespeare became one of the owners, playwright and actor of the new theater "Globe". In 1603 King James took Shakespeare's troupe under his direct patronage. In the mature period, the great playwright turned to tragedies, there were "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth" and others.
Although in the 19th century researchers had some doubts about the authorship of many of these works, William Shakespeare is considered the greatest English playwright, one of the best playwrights in the world. His plays have been translated into all major languages and to this day form the basis of the world theatrical repertoire, most of them have been screened many times. According to the Guinness Book of Records, Shakespeare remains the world's best-selling playwright, and his plays and poems have sold more than 4 billion copies in the nearly 400 years since his death.
Igor Fedorovich Stravinskii (russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) was a Russian composer, a citizen of France and the United States. One of the greatest representatives of the world musical culture of the 20th century.
The future composer was born into a creative musical family. Igor Stravinskii's father was an opera singer, soloist of the Mariinsky Theater Fedor Stravinskii, and his mother was a pianist Anna Kholodovskaya. Igor studied music at home, the Stravinskiis were often visited by their friends: composers Caesar Cui and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, critic Vladimir Stasov and writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. For five years from 1902 Igor Stravinsky studied with the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. At the same time he became close to the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and the artists of the "World of Art" association.
Stravinskii 's first works were created under the influence of Rimsky-Korsakov and the French Impressionists, and his music bears a vivid imprint of the Russian cultural tradition. Igor Stravinskii's first ballet, The Firebird, was performed in June 1910 at the Paris Grand Opera House, and he later wrote music for Diaghilev's ballets Petrushka (1911) and Sacred Spring (1913). It was after the premiere of his ballets at Sergei Diaghilev's Russian Seasons in Paris that Stravinskii gained worldwide fame. The sets for his ballets were created by the artists Alexander Benois and Nikolai Roerich, the choreography was prepared by the famous dancers Vaclav Nijinsky and George Balanchine, and the costumes were designed by Coco Chanel herself.
In 1920 Stravinskii moved to France and in 1934 he took French citizenship. In Paris, the composer composed many works that became world-famous. In 1939 Igor Stravinskii moved to the United States and in 1945 he took American citizenship. During this period, he began to turn more to biblical themes and music of the pre-Brahmsian period.
From 1924 Stravinskii also performed as a pianist and conductor of his own works. In 1962, at the invitation of the USSR Ministry of Culture, Igor Stravinsky gave several concerts in Moscow and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).
Critics believe that in recent years Stravinskii was moving further and further away from the Russian style, but the composer himself believed otherwise. On the basis of Russian folk songs, in 1965 he created a canon for orchestra, "Not a Pine Tree at the Gate Rocked". A year before his death, in 1966, the composer wrote the requiem "Funeral Chants", which he considered to be one of the major works of his life.
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Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (russian: Ива́н Ива́нович Ши́шкин), a Russian Artist, stood out in the 19th century for his mastery in landscape painting, immortalizing Russia's vast forests and nature through his precise and detailed work. His specialization in painting, coupled with a deep appreciation for his homeland's natural beauty, positioned him as a pivotal figure in Russian culture and art.
Shishkin's technique, characterized by its attention to detail and use of light, brought the Russian wilderness to life on canvas. His works, such as "Morning in a Pine Forest" and "The Rye Field," are celebrated for their realism and ability to evoke the spirit of Russia's landscapes. These paintings, held in prestigious museums like the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, serve not only as artistic achievements but also as cultural artifacts that offer insight into the Russian soul.
For art collectors and experts, Shishkin's oeuvre represents an intersection of artistic mastery and cultural heritage. His contributions to the world of painting continue to inspire and captivate audiences, making his works highly sought after in the realms of art collection and preservation.
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Johann Georg Platzer was a distinguished Austrian Rococo painter and draughtsman, renowned for his vibrant and intricate historical and mythical scenes. Born in 1704 in Eppan, South Tyrol, Platzer belonged to a lineage of painters, which significantly influenced his career path. His work is celebrated for its dynamic compositions, detailed figures, and the ability to imbue scenes with a sense of vitality and opulence characteristic of the Rococo period.
Johann Georg Platzer's oeuvre includes a variety of subjects, from allegorical representations, such as the "Allegory of the Four Seasons," to scenes of courtly life and mythological narratives. His technique, marked by meticulous attention to detail and a masterful use of color, allowed him to create paintings that were not only visually stunning but also rich in narrative. Notably, his self-portrait and works like "Dancing Scene with Palace Interior" and "Fountain Scene in Front of a Palace" exemplify his skill in depicting intricate details and textures, from the luxurious fabrics of the figures' clothing to the architectural elements surrounding them.
The Joanneum Alte Galerie in Graz, Austria, holds the most significant collection of Platzer's paintings under a single roof, indicating the artist's prominence within the Austrian art scene of the 18th century. Furthermore, his paintings are housed in prestigious institutions worldwide, including the Art Institute of Chicago, showcasing his international recognition.
For collectors and experts in art and antiques, Johann Georg Platzer represents a pivotal figure in the Rococo movement, with his works offering a glimpse into the opulence and dynamic culture of 18th-century Austrian society. His paintings not only appeal to those interested in the artistic styles of the Rococo period but also to anyone fascinated by the historical and mythological narratives of the era.
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Teodoro Riccio was an Italian composer and Kapellmeister of the second half of the 16th century, who worked in Germany for most of his life.
Educated in church music, Riccio first worked as a Kapellmeister in the church of his hometown in Lombardy, where he composed his first madrigals. In 1575 he arrived at the court of Margrave Georg Friedrich of Ansbach-Brandenburg, to whom he dedicated a famous canon, and moved with the rest of the court musicians to Königsberg when the margrave became governor of the Duchy of Prussia in 1578. In 1585 Riccio was appointed Kapellmeister for life at the margrave's court.
Riccio's works are known mainly from printed sources, although several works survive in manuscripts in the Kremsmünster Abbey, the Koninklijke Bibliothek (Brussels), and the Nuremberg Archives.
Oswald Achenbach was a German painter associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Though little known today, during his lifetime he was counted among the most important landscape painters of Europe. Through his teaching activities, he influenced the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. His brother, Andreas Achenbach, who was twelve years older, was also among the most important German landscape painters of the 19th century. The two brothers were humorously called "the A and O of Landscapes" (a reference to their initials matching a common German reference to the Alpha and Omega).
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Camille Pissarro, a Danish-French artist, was a linchpin of the Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist movements. Born in 1830 on the island of St. Thomas, Pissarro's Jewish-Portuguese heritage and upbringing in the Danish West Indies infused his work with a unique perspective. He is celebrated for his depictions of rural and urban French life, particularly his landscapes that eschew artifice, highlighting the simple beauty of the natural world and the dignity of common people.
Pissarro's influence on the art world was profound. Not only was he a central figure in the Impressionist movement, helping to organize the collective's exhibitions, but he also mentored future Post-Impressionist masters like Cézanne, Gauguin, and van Gogh. His colleagues revered him for his wisdom, balance, and warmhearted nature. Pissarro's dedication to the Impressionist ethos was unparalleled; he was the only artist to exhibit in all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions from 1874 to 1886.
Among his notable works, Pissarro's 'Hay Harvest at Eragny' (1887) exemplifies his shift towards Neo-Impressionism. This piece, housed at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, showcases his exploration of tonal values and pointillism. Another poignant work, 'Jeanne Holding a Fan', captures the fragile beauty of his young daughter during her illness, and is a testament to his ability to convey deep personal emotion through art. This work is displayed at The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.
For art collectors and enthusiasts, Pissarro's works remain a testament to the transformative power of Impressionism and its impact on modern art. His paintings, characterized by their revolutionary depictions of everyday life and nature, continue to be celebrated in major museums around the world.
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Albrecht Dürer, born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg, Germany, is widely regarded as the greatest German Renaissance painter. His contribution to painting and engraving is quite significant and has left a notable mark on the art world. Dürer's early life was spent in Nuremberg, a city that played a crucial role in his development as an artist and was also the site of his death on April 6, 1528. He was the son of the goldsmith Albrecht Dürer the Elder, from whom he initially learned the basics of drawing and metalworking.
Dürer's work is characterized by a combination of Gothic elements with the emerging Renaissance style, which is evident in his woodcuts and engravings. His oeuvre encompasses many themes, including religious works, altarpieces, portraits, and self-portraits. His outstanding prints, such as The Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), St. Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), are known for their intricate detail and artistic skill. Dürer was also one of the earliest European landscape painters, as evidenced by his watercolor paintings.
Equally significant are his theoretical writings on mathematics, perspective, and ideal proportions in art. Dürer was not only an artist but also a keen intellectual, his interests encompassing various aspects of culture and science. He served as court painter to Holy Roman Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V, completing several significant art projects for them. Dürer's keen mind and versatile interests brought him into contact with the most prominent figures of his time, including theologians and scientists of the Reformation era.
Dürer's self-portraits are particularly famous, demonstrating not only his artistic skill but also his self-awareness and personal style. These portraits attest to his growing success and confidence as an artist. Dürer's legacy is immense; he influenced not only the art of his time, but also left an indelible mark on the history of European art.
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Karl Marx, full name Karl Heinrich Marx, was a German philosopher, sociologist, historian and economist, social activist, and journalist. One of the most significant political figures in the world, his works have had a great influence on the course of human history.
Karl Heinrich Marx was born into a large Jewish family of rabbinic dynasty, but his father and Karl himself were baptized. The young Karl received a liberal arts education at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin and was actively involved in the turbulent political life of Germany and France in the 19th century. For his political activities in 1849 he was expelled from Germany, moved with his family to Paris and then to London, where he lived and worked until the end of his life.
In 1844 he met the German socialist Friedrich Engels, who became his friend and collaborator for the rest of his life. Together they had already published the Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), the most famous pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement. Karl Marx was also the author of the movement's most important book, Das Kapital (Capital). These and other writings of Marx and Engels formed the basis of the system of views and beliefs known as Marxism.
Marx examined the very different versions of socialism that existed in the early nineteenth century and combined them into a doctrine that remained the dominant version of socialism for half a century after his death. His emphasis on the influence of economic structure on historical development was of enduring importance.
Maurice Ravel, full name Joseph Maurice Ravel, was a French composer, pianist and conductor, a representative of Impressionism in music.
At the age of 14 Maurice entered the Paris Conservatory and during his studies he composed several works. Already in these early sonatas and compositions he skillfully adapted traditional structures in music to his own personal ones, thus creating his own musical style.
Of Ravel's piano works, the virtuosic "Miroir" and "Gaspard de la Nuit" are popular, while of his orchestral works the most famous are the "Spanish Rhapsody" and Bolero. After 1905, Ravel's name is placed almost on a par with the recognized Impressionist composer Claude Debussy. Ravel met the famous Russian entrepreneur and organizer of the Russian Seasons, Sergei Diaghilev, which was a highlight in his career. He was specially commissioned by him to compose music for Mikhail Fokine's ballet Daphnis and Chloe (1912), starring the great Russian dancer Vatslav Nijinsky.
Ravel toured extensively as a pianist and conductor, performing his own works in Italy, Holland and England. In 1928, he made a successful four-month tour of Canada and the United States, where he impressed with jazz and blues compositions.
Maurice Ravel has gone down in history as one of the leading exponents of musical impressionism.
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