travail manuel
Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher, one of the founders of economic theory as a science.
After graduating from Balliol College at Oxford University, Smith in 1751 became Professor of Logic and then Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. And at the same time worked on publishing some of his lectures. His book The Theory of Moral Sentiments was published in 1759. As a philosopher, he wrote on a wide range of subjects: moral philosophy, jurisprudence, rhetoric and literature, and the history of science. He was one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Adam Smith also studied the social forces that give rise to competition, trade, and markets. On his trip to France, he met François Kenet and the Physiocrats.
In late 1763, Smith was given the position of tutor to the young Duke of Buccleugh and resigned his professorship. He began to socialize extensively with the intellectuals of his day, aristocrats and scholars, members of the government and representatives of big commerce, and gradually moved from philosophy to economics.
Adam Smith published his most important work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations), in 1776. It was the first major exposition of the theory of free trade, where the author advocates individual liberty and the accumulation of wealth, while strongly advocating moral justice and duty to society. He describes a system of natural liberty and justice that seeks to raise the standard of living of the general population by equating higher wages with a healthier and more productive labor force. He proves his belief that the limits to growth are political, not economic, and outlines the principles that should guide lawmakers. Smith also lays out a history of economic theory, a historical analysis of the wealth of nations, including China, and predictions for the future.
"The Wealth of Nations" was the first and still remains the most important book on political economy. And Adam Smith himself is considered the founder of classical political economy; he introduced the term "the invisible hand of the market." Although he did not use the word "capitalism", he is called the father of modern capitalism.
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The Irish painter Roderic O'Conor was a pivotal figure in the post-impressionist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Aligning with the Pont-Aven School, his work thrived in France amidst the artistic revolution of the 1880s and 1890s.
O'Conor's artistic methodology was profoundly influenced by his time in France, spanning nearly five decades. His signature technique, characterized by thick, adjacent strokes of rich, contrasting colors, owes much to the discoveries of the Divisionists and Vincent Van Gogh.
His journey also included a transformative Parisian period beginning in 1886, marked by experimentation and innovation. Later, his Bretagne sojourn from 1891 to 1904 was interspersed with managing inherited estates back in Ireland, which allowed him financial independence from his painting sales. O'Conor's final years from 1934 until his passing in 1940 were spent in Nueil-sur-Layon.
The Irish painter Roderic O'Conor was a pivotal figure in the post-impressionist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Aligning with the Pont-Aven School, his work thrived in France amidst the artistic revolution of the 1880s and 1890s.
O'Conor's artistic methodology was profoundly influenced by his time in France, spanning nearly five decades. His signature technique, characterized by thick, adjacent strokes of rich, contrasting colors, owes much to the discoveries of the Divisionists and Vincent Van Gogh.
His journey also included a transformative Parisian period beginning in 1886, marked by experimentation and innovation. Later, his Bretagne sojourn from 1891 to 1904 was interspersed with managing inherited estates back in Ireland, which allowed him financial independence from his painting sales. O'Conor's final years from 1934 until his passing in 1940 were spent in Nueil-sur-Layon.
Jan (Joan) Willemsz. Blaeu was a Dutch cartographer, publisher and judge.
Jan was born into the family of the cartographer and publisher Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638). He studied in Leiden, where he earned a doctorate in law, and in Padua. He then began to assist his father, who was engaged in the manufacture of globes and maps. After his father's death, Jan, together with his brother Cornelius, continued his work, and succeeded him as cartographer for the Dutch East India Company.
In 1651 Blaeu was elected to the Amsterdam city council and later appointed as a judge. At the same time, he was engaged in his publishing business: he continued to publish volumes of Atlas novus, which contained maps of English counties and, for the first time, an atlas of Scotland, as well as one volume of maps of the Far East.
Blaeu did not have time to complete his most ambitious project, but it made him famous as the author of the famous 11-volume Dutch atlas. Based on his previous maps, Blaeu created the Great Atlas (Atlas Maior) - it contained nearly 600 maps and a total of 3,000 pages of Latin text - and was published in 1662. Blaeu's maps were groundbreaking for their time because they were created in accordance with the heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1672, a great fire in Amsterdam destroyed Blaeu's workshop, and the cartographer died a year later, apparently never recovering from this stroke of fate.
