Books — Livres rares et Manuscrits
Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.
His influence on the Latin language was immense. He wrote more than three-quarters of extant Latin literature that is known to have existed in his lifetime, and it has been said that subsequent prose was either a reaction against or a return to his style, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century. Cicero introduced into Latin the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary with neologisms such as evidentia, humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia, distinguishing himself as a translator and philosopher.
![[DIDEROT, Denis (1713-1784)]](/assets/image/picture_4257769/4e777/bfca2464bb99c93347594ab51a1352981729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[DIDEROT, Denis (1713-1784)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4257769/4e777/bfca2464bb99c93347594ab51a1352981729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Voltaire, born François Marie Arouet, was a French philosopher-enlightener of the French Enlightenment, poet and writer, satirist, tragedian, historian and essayist.
Voltaire's long life fell on the last years of classicism and the eve of the revolutionary era, and in this transitional period his works and activities had a significant impact on the direction of European civilization. Through his critical freethinking and wit, Voltaire won the minds of many 18th century European rulers. To this day, he continues to enjoy worldwide fame as a courageous fighter against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty.
Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and separation of church and state. He was a versatile and prolific writer in all literary forms, including plays, poems, novels, essays, histories, and scholarly expositions. In total, he wrote more than 20,000 letters and 2,000 books and pamphlets. Voltaire's most famous works are the tragic play Zaire, the historical study The Age of Louis XIV, and the satirical novella Candide.
![[FÉNELON, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe (1651-1715)] - Jean-Guillaume MOITTE (1764 - 1810)](/assets/image/picture_4257778/ce267/822212ecb2f8da38212e43b0c46a07d31729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[FÉNELON, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe (1651-1715)] - Jean-Guillaume MOITTE (1764 - 1810)](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4257778/ce267/822212ecb2f8da38212e43b0c46a07d31729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[HOLBEIN LE JEUNE, Hans (c. 1497-1543)]](/assets/image/picture_4259558/f7542/c8okmvld6jz1abmo97qcr6yfqw5lvverhqj8gzunuroa2w0fbht5bwcidnsfiz1729408270jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[HOLBEIN LE JEUNE, Hans (c. 1497-1543)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4259558/f7542/c8okmvld6jz1abmo97qcr6yfqw5lvverhqj8gzunuroa2w0fbht5bwcidnsfiz1729408270jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Hans Holbein the Younger was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire, and Reformation propaganda, and he made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.
![[LACLOS, Pierre CHODERLOS de (1741-1803)]](/assets/image/picture_4257800/7113e/63e78d46615ac0577b3cd7cca92f5f7f1729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[LACLOS, Pierre CHODERLOS de (1741-1803)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4257800/7113e/63e78d46615ac0577b3cd7cca92f5f7f1729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, full name Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos, was a French politician, inventor, military leader, and writer.
De Laclos initially pursued a military career, but soon abandoned it, deciding that he would achieve greater fame by becoming a writer. He wrote poetry, erotic stories. His first novel "Dangerous Liaisons" (Les Liaisons dangereuses, 1782) immediately made a great impression and caused a mixed reaction in society. This is one of the masterpieces of novelistic literature of the XVIII century, which describes the love affairs of the aristocracy. On its motives, a large number of commentaries were later written, plays were staged and movies were filmed.
Later, Pierre Choderlot de Laclos worked for some time as secretary to the Duke of D'Orleans, writing several treatises on military and political topics. And in 1792 he again joined the army, where under Napoleon he rose to the rank of general, participated in the Rhine and Italian campaigns.
![[LUTHER, Martin (1483-1546) et Hans HOLBEIN LE JEUNE (1497-1543)]](/assets/image/picture_4259584/4c4eb/3kd5xdxacqau4prgw6y1t5z6soba3uzal9wflgdoxiuf7gnfilk7wkak9f9moah1729408928jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[LUTHER, Martin (1483-1546) et Hans HOLBEIN LE JEUNE (1497-1543)]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4259584/4c4eb/3kd5xdxacqau4prgw6y1t5z6soba3uzal9wflgdoxiuf7gnfilk7wkak9f9moah1729408928jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Hans Holbein the Younger was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire, and Reformation propaganda, and he made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.
Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.
In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems.
![[RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE]](/assets/image/picture_4257876/11479/a7b34c0ab5a06d35e950bed7b78512141729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
![[RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE]](https://veryimportantlot.com/assets/image/picture_4257876/11479/a7b34c0ab5a06d35e950bed7b78512141729065600jpg__fix_374_244.jpeg)
Johann Elias Ridinger was a German painter, engraver, draughtsman and publisher. He is considered one of the most famous German engravers of animals, particularly horses, hounds and hunting scenes.
Johann Elias Ridinger was a German painter, engraver, draughtsman and publisher. He is considered one of the most famous German engravers of animals, particularly horses, hounds and hunting scenes.
